ASTM D1441-2006 Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing《试验用棉纤维取样的标准操作规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 1441 06Standard Practice forSampling Cotton Fibers for Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent

2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample,at the source, of cotton fibers and reducing this sample througha series of steps to provide a

3、 relatively small test specimen ofloose cotton fibers, representative of the source material andsuitable for the determination of a single property, or a series offiber properties, according to established procedures.1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercialacceptance testing of cot

4、ton fibers as well as for arbitrationtesting and research.1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples forthe determination of moisture. Special handling and protectionof the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required forsamples taken for the determination of moisture are notprovided

5、 for in this practice. See Test Method D 2495.NOTE 1This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing byTest Methods D 1440, D 1442, D 1445, D 1447, D 1448, D 1464, D 2480,D 2496, and D 2812.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measure are in

6、cluded in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior

7、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofCotton Fibers (Array Method)D 1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (SodiumHydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)D 1445 Test Method fo

8、r Breaking Strength and Elongationof Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)D 1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity ofCotton Fibers by Fibrograph MeasurementD 1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of CottonFibersD 1464 Test Method for Differential Dyeing Behavior ofCottonD 1776 Practice for

9、 Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Densityof Cotton Fibers by the Causticaire Method3D 2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-DryingD 2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of CottonD 7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers3. Terminology3.1 For all

10、terminology relating to D13.11, Cotton Fibers,refer to Terminology D 7139.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:laboratory sample, lot, in acceptance sampling of cotton, lotsample, in cotton, and specimen.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.

11、4. Summary of Practice4.1 Sampling procedures for obtaining samples from the lotsample and for the reduction of the lot samples to the sizerequired for fiber test specimens are presented. Steps areoutlined to secure reduction of the amount of cotton fibers to behandled at various stages, so that the

12、 reduced sample continuesto be representative of the lot. Provision is made for theomission of intermediate steps in the reduction of the lotsample in cases where this is desirable or necessary.5. Significance and Use5.1 The reliability of the results of any test method dependprimarily upon how well

13、 the specimens tested represent theoriginal source material. Much time and effort are required, andcan justifiably be spent, to be sure that all the samplingoperations are at random and are representative. Failure toprovide a test specimen which accurately represents the mate-rial from which it is d

14、rawn will produce misleading test resultsregardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published Ju

15、ly 2006. Originally approvedin 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1441 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ

16、ary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Mechanical Fiber Blender,4designed especially forcotton fibers (optional).6.2 Balance, 100 g capacity, 0.5 g sensitivity (optional

17、).7. Conditioning7.1 For samples that are not to be blended, neither condi-tioning nor preconditioning is required.7.2 For samples that are to be blended, bring the lot samplefrom the prevailing atmosphere to moisture equilibrium withthe standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed inPractic

18、e D 1776. Preconditioning is not required.8. Division into Lots8.1 Unless there is information to the contrary, consider allthe cotton or cotton products in a single shipment or consign-ment as a single lot for sampling purposes. If the shipment orconsignment contains cotton or cotton products from

19、two ormore sources, consider the material from each source as aseparate lot.9. Lot Sample9.1 Acceptance TestingAs a lot sample for acceptancetesting, take at random the number of shipping containers asdirected in an applicable material specification or other agree-ment between the purchaser and the

20、supplier. In the absence ofsuch an agreement, take ten shipping containers or 10 % of theshipping containers in the lot, whichever is the greater.Consider bales or other shipping containers to be the primarysampling units.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and th

21、e supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween shipping containers, between laboratory samples within a ship-ping container, and between test specimens within a laboratory sample toprovide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumersrisk, acceptable quality level, and

22、limiting quality level.9.2 Other TestingSelect the lot sample to meet the re-quirements of the particular experimental design or purpose ofthe fiber tests desired. Select the lot sample source material insuch a manner that it will be as uniform as practicable, on thebasis of available information. I

23、f the lot sample is nonhomo-geneous, divide it into rational subgroups; for example, indi-vidual bales in a commercial shipment, on the basis ofavailable information.9.2.1 Take a sufficient number of samples to represent thesource material adequately. The number of subsamples to betaken will be dete

24、rmined by the size and homogeneity of the lotsample, and the required precision of the results.9.2.2 Take portions of cotton or cotton products fromdifferent parts of the source material carefully and at random toprovide a composite lot sample of sufficient size. Approxi-mately 100 g (4 oz) is suffi

25、cient for most purposes.10. Laboratory Sample10.1 Acceptance TestingAs a laboratory sample for ac-ceptance testing, proceed as follows:10.1.1 For bales, take a 100 g (4 oz) subsample of cottonfrom each of two opposite sides of each bale in the lot sampleand combine the two subsamples into a single l

26、aboratorysample weighing 200 g (8 oz).10.1.2 For sliver, begin with the first material from the leadend of the package that has a clean, uniform appearance, andtake a length weighing at least 100 g (4 oz), as the laboratorysample. If the shipping containers in the lot sample containmultiple packages

27、, take a laboratory sample from one packagedrawn at random for each container.10.1.3 For yarn on packages, take one package at randomfrom each case in the lot sample, remove enough traverses ofyarn to obtain a surface free of visible damage or soil, and takea length weighing at least 100 g (4 oz) as

28、 the laboratory samplefrom that case.10.1.4 For yarn on beams, sample as agreed upon by thepurchaser and the supplier.10.1.5 For cotton products, take from each shipping con-tainer in the lot sample subsamples at random from three placesin the shipping container and combine them into a laboratorysam

29、ple weighing at least 100 g (4 oz).10.2 Other TestingFrom each unit in the lot sample, takea single laboratory sample containing at least 100 g (4 oz).11. Specimens11.1 After preparing the laboratory samples as directed inSections 12-14, take specimens as directed in Section 15.PREPARING LABORATORY

30、SAMPLES12. General Handling Techniques12.1 After the laboratory samples have been taken asdirected in Section 10, spread the material into a thin layer ormanipulate it in such a way that fibers may be taken from allits parts.12.1.1 When the lot sample consists of samples cut frombales (see Note 5),

31、avoid the inclusion of any cut fibers in thelaboratory sample. Cut fiber can be avoided by pulling off anddiscarding the cut portions or by being careful not to takesubsamples from the cut edges.12.1.2 When the lot sample consists of cotton products suchas yarns or fabrics, untwist, unravel, or othe

32、rwise prepare theportions to be taken for the laboratory sample so that loosefibers may be obtained.13. Blended Method (Preferred)13.1 Take 25 to 30 small pinches of loose fibers at randomthroughout the lot sample weighing approximately 10 g (Note3). Blend the composite laboratory sample by preparin

33、g eithera hand sliver or a mechanically blended sliver as follows:13.1.1 Hand SliverWith a drawing or drafting action ofthe fingers, pull each of the tufts or pinches into a long uniformstrand. Lay the strands parallel to each other and compress thewhole mass gently to form one large composite slive

34、r. Discardthe ends of the sliver as there is a possibility of bias existing inthis portion.13.1.2 Mechanically Blended SliverSlightly draw or draftthe pinches to form a bat or sliver about 300 mm (12 in.) longto be fed into the mechanical fiber blender. Use any mechanical4Fiber Blender available fro

35、m Custom Scientific, or its equivalent, has beenfound satisfactory for this method.D1441062blender designed for cotton fibers that will produce a substan-tially homogeneous sample without breakage, or damaging thefibers to the extent that the accuracy of the test methods wouldbe affected (Note 4).NO

36、TE 3A laboratory sample weighing 10 g will provide sufficientmaterial for all of the usual fiber tests. When a smaller amount is sufficientfor the tests, the size of the pinches may be reduced accordingly. Thenumber of pinches may be reduced when the bulk lot sample is sufficientlyhomogeneous for a

37、smaller number to preserve representativeness.NOTE 4Most mechanical blending procedures require that the samplebe passed through the blender three times to ensure adequate mixing.14. Unblended Method (Alternative)14.1 Divide the whole or representative portions of the lotsample into subsamples on th

38、e basis of available information.From each subsample take test specimens for one or moreobservations of each property to be tested as required (Note 5).NOTE 5This method is especially adapted to commercial practicewhere the subsample consists of classers samples cut from bales ofcotton. Subsamples a

39、re taken in such a manner as to ensure that fibersfrom each layer in the classers sample, representing each side of the bale,are included.15. Test Specimens15.1 Take from each laboratory sample the number ofspecimens specified in the applicable test method(s). Whendirected in the test method, use th

40、e laboratory sample as thetest specimen.16. Report16.1 If a report on the sampling procedure used is required,state that the material was sampled as directed in ASTMPractice D 1441, and specify how the samples were drawn,whether or not they were blended, and the number of pieces(pinches) taken from

41、the larger sample to make the laboratorysample and the number of specimens taken. Report theidentification of the lot or shipment sampled, and note the lotnumber, or bale number.17. Keywords17.1 cotton; fibers; samplingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights

42、 asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any ti

43、me by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will

44、receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM

45、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D1441063