ASTM A781 A781M-2011 Standard Specification for Castings Steel and Alloy Common Requirements for General Industrial Use《一般工业用钢铸件及合金铸件通用要求的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: A781/A781M 11Standard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev

2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements thatare mandatory requirements of the following

3、steel castingspecifications issued by ASTM. If the product specificationspecifies different requirements, the product specification shallprevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M Ste

4、el Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560

5、/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-sistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A890M Castings, Iro

6、n-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Requirements Similiarto

7、Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additionaltesting or inspection is desired and apply only w

8、hen specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specifica-tion, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequencenamed.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values

9、stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGene

10、ral ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, HighStrength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, forGeneral ApplicationA370 Test Method

11、s and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-TemperatureServiceA488/A488M Practice for Ste

12、el Castings, Welding, Quali-fications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and NickelAlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-NickelAlloyA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA

13、743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplication1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Curr

14、ent edition approved April 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A781/A781M 08.DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua

15、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.A744/A744M

16、Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenit

17、ic Alloy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep-tance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification

18、for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to StandardWrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy,with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Simi-lar to Stand

19、ard Wrought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatmentsfor Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or-dered AlloyE94 Guide for Radiographic

20、ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-tions on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12

21、-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Oth

22、er Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and DefinitionsA370,Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, and T

23、ermi-nology A941 are applicable to this specification and thoselisted in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimenwill be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in atest.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-heart

24、h or electric furnace process with or without separaterefining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unlessotherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test

25、 MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25F15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the mini-mum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If aminimum hea

26、t treatment temperature is not specified for thegrade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50F30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnaceset point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature asdetermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the low

27、est temperature shall be as agreed between thepurchaser and producer except that during production heattreatment, no portion of the furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature for the grade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical Ana

28、lysisChemical analysis of materialscovered by this specification shall be in accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be madeby the manufacturer to determine the percentages of theelements specified in the individual specification f

29、or the gradebeing poured. The analysis shall be made from a test samplepreferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When drillingsare used, they shall be taken not less than14 in. 6.4 mmbeneath the surface. The chemical composition thus deter-mined shall conform to the requirements in the indivi

30、dualspecification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, orcasting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.Samples for carbon analysis of carbon and alloy steel shall betaken no closer th

31、an14 in. 6 mm to a cast surface, except thatcastings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representativematerial. The chemical composition thus determined shall meetthe requirements specified in the applicable specification forthe grade involved, or shall be subject to rejection by thepurchaser, e

32、xcept that the chemical composition determined forcarbon and low alloy steel castings may vary from the specifiedlimits by the amounts shown in Table 1. The product analysistolerances of Table 1 are not applicable as acceptance criteriafor heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparingpro

33、duct and heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloysteels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353 orE354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.A781/A781M 1125.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for el-ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supp

34、le-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permit-ted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being sup-plied contains one or more elements that are not specified forthe supplied material such that the material conforms to therequirements of a di

35、fferent grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whethermechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specificationshould be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser,

36、 whenmechanical properties are required by the product specifica-tion, test coupons may be cast integrally with the castings, oras separate blocks, in accordance with Fig. 1, Fig. 2,orFig. 3,except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is specified. Thetest coupon in Fig. 3 shall be employed only for a

37、ustenitic alloycastings with cross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.37. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner andshall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern issupplied by the p

38、urchaser, the dimensions of the casting shallbe as predicated by the pattern.8. Quality8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand,scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-tion. Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual accep-tance standards specified

39、in the order. PracticeA802/A802M orother visual standards may be used to define acceptable surfacediscontinuities and finish. Unacceptable visual surface discon-tinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visualexamination of the resultant cavities.8.2 When additional inspection is desi

40、red, SupplementaryRequirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be specified.8.3 Rejectable indications shall not be peened, plugged, orimpregnated.9. Repair9.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with therequirements of the individual specification using proceduresand welders qualified in accordance

41、with Practice A488/A488M.10. Inspection10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material isbeing produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-cable specification. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shallnot interfere u

42、nnecessarily with the manufacturers operations.All tests and inspections, with the exception of productanalysis (5.3), shall be made at the place of manufacture unlessotherwise agreed.11. Rejection11.1 Subsequent to acceptance at the manufacturers works,material that is found to be unacceptable as d

43、etermined byrequirements specified in the order may be rejected by thepurchaser. The manufacturer should be notified of such rejec-tion. If the manufacturer is dissatisfied with the results of anytests performed by the purchaser, he may make claim for arehearing.12. Keywords12.1 castings; common req

44、uirements; steel and alloy3Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on testcoupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may befound in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society ofAmerica, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980.TA

45、BLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesElement Range, %ATolerancesB,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C upto0.65above 0.650.03 3 %CL+ 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 3 %MnL+ 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 3 %SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 3 %PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 3 %SL+ 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 3 %NiL+ 0.03above

46、2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 3 %CrL+ 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 3 %MoL+ 0.030.06V upto0.25above 0.250.23 3 %VL+ 0.0040.06W upto0.10above 0.100.08 3 %WL+ 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 3 %CuL+ 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 3 %AlL+ 0.020.03AThe range denotes the composition limits up

47、to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.BThe subscriptLfor the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance fo

48、r the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganesemaximum of 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. Themaximum permissible devia

49、tion is (0.08 3 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, thehighest acceptable product analysis is 0.766. Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade70-40 in Specification A27/A27M, the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus,the highest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49.A781/A781M 113Metric Equivalentsin.mm3164.81213114321344525121457378985127838213Leg Design 125 mm Riser Design1. L (length) A 5 in. 125 mm minimum length will be used. Thislength may be increased at the option of the foundry toaccommodate