ASTM A644-2005 Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings《有关铁铸件的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: A 644 05Standard Terminology Relating toIron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica

2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.ausferrite, na cast iron matrix microstructure, produced bya controlled thermal process, whic

3、h consists of predomi-nantly acicular ferrite and high carbon austenite. (Seeaustempered ductile iron.)austempered ductile iron, na ductile cast iron that has beenproduced by a controlled thermal process which results in amatrix microstructure consisting of predominately acicularferrite and high car

4、bon austenite.austenitize, vtto convert the matrix of a ferrous alloy toaustenite by heating above the transformation temperature.batch, nthe component raw materials properly weighed,proportioned, and mixed for delivery to a processing unit.Also, the product output from a processing unit in whichthe

5、re is essentially no product output until all componentmaterials are charged and processed.brittle fracture, nfracture that occurs without appreciableplastic deformation of the material.brittle fracture area, nThe fraction or percent of thefracture surface that formed by brittle fracture. (Whenobser

6、ved with no or low magnification, brittle fractureappears whiter and shinier than ductile fracture.)capability index (Cp), nfor a stable process, the specifica-tion range divided by six times the standard deviation.Cp5USL 2 LSL!6 3 scapability index (Cpk), nfor a stable process, the smaller ofthe up

7、per capability index (CPU) or the lower capabilityindex (CPL).carbide, primary, ncarbide precipitated in cast iron duringsolidification.cast iron, na generic term for a series of alloys primarily ofiron, carbon, and silicon in which the carbon is in excess ofthe amount which can be retained in solid

8、 solution inaustenite at the eutectic temperature.cementite, na very hard and brittle compound of iron andcarbon corresponding to the empirical formula Fe3C, com-monly known as iron carbide.cementite, primary, ncementite precipitated in cast ironduring solidification. Also known as primary carbide.

9、(Seecementite.)chill, nan object, usually metal, imbedded in a portion of themold to accelerate the local rate of heat removal from themetal being cast.chill, vto accelerate the freezing rate of cast iron, usually ina localized region, to refine the graphite structure or causeformation of primary ca

10、rbides.chill, microstructural, na localized region of primary car-bides in a casting made from a cast iron that would normallysolidify free of primary carbides.chilled iron, na cast iron that would normally solidify free ofprimary carbide which is purposely caused to solidify aswhite cast iron, loca

11、lly or entirely, by accelerated pacted graphite iron, na cast iron that has been treatedin the liquid state so as to cause its graphitic carbon to occurin the compacted graphite shape in the as-cast condition.(See graphite, compacted and graphite, spheroidal.)compound, nan intimate mixture of all th

12、e ingredientsnecessary for a finished material or pression gasket, na gasket designed to be used pression seal, na seal that is attained by a compressiveforce on the sealing material.confidence level, nthe probability, or expected percent of thetimes, that the selected percent (P %) of the actual po

13、pula-tion lies within the tolerance interval calculated from thedata sample.direct reduced iron, niron ores that have been reduced toessentially metallic iron by heat and reducing agents, butwithout melting, and processed into suitable shapes (typi-cally pellets) for use as a charge material in a me

14、ltingoperation.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.91 on EditorialMatters and Nomenclature.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edit

15、ion approved in 2003 as A 644 - 98(2003).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dual metal, ntwo metals of different composition that arefusion bonded at all interfacial surfaces by casting metal ofone composition against me

16、tal of a second composition.ductile fracture, nfracture that occurs with appreciableplastic deformation of the material.ductile fracture area, nThe fraction or percent of thefracture surface that formed by ductile fracture. (Whenobserved with no or low magnification, ductile fractureappears grayer a

17、nd duller than brittle fracture.)ductile iron, na cast iron that has been treated in the liquidstate so as to cause substantially all of its graphitic carbon tooccur as spheroids or nodules in the as-cast condition.durometer(1) an instrument for measuring the hardness ofrubber-like materials. (2) a

18、term used to identify the relativehardness of rubber-like materials, for example: “low durom-eter” (relatively soft) or “high durometer” (relatively hard).elastomer, na macromolecular material that returns rapidlyto approximately its original dimensions and shape aftersubstantial deformation by a we

19、ak force and release of theforce.DISCUSSION(a) Elastomers are divided into two major polymersystems: thermoset and thermoplastic. (b) In standards for rubber, theword elastomer is not to be used interchangeably for the term “rubber”.elongation, nextension produced by a tensile stress.ferritize, vtto

20、 increase the quantity of ferrite in the matrix ofa ferrous casting through an appropriate heat treatment.ferritizing anneal, nthe process of producing a predomi-nantly ferritic matrix in cast iron through an appropriate heattreatment.gasket, nany preformed, deformable device designed to beplaced be

21、tween two adjoining parts to provide a seal.graphite, compacted, na graphite shape that is intermediatebetween flake graphite and nodular graphite that typicallyappears in a polished section as thick flakes with blunt(compacted) ends.graphite flake, nan irregularly shaped particle of graphite,usuall

22、y appearing in a polished section as curved plates, suchas found in gray cast irons.graphite, nodular, nspheroidal shaped graphite typicallyfound in ductile irons and compact clusters of graphitetypically found in malleable irons. (See graphite, spheroi-dal, and temper carbon.)graphite, primary, ngr

23、aphite precipitated in cast iron duringsolidification.graphite rosette, narrangement of graphite flakes in whichthe flakes extend radially from centers of crystallization ingray cast iron.graphite, spheroidal, nspheroidal shaped graphite having apolycrystalline radial structure, usually found in duc

24、tile ironand to a controlled, limited extent in compacted graphiteiron.graphitize, vtto precipitate graphite in an iron-carbon alloy.gray iron, ncast iron that has a relatively large proportion ofthe graphitic carbon present in the form of flake graphite.The metal has a gray fracture.hardness, nthe

25、resistance to indentation as measured underspecified conditions.heat, nthe total molten metal output from a single heating ina batch melting process or the total molten metal output fromessentially a single heating in a continuous melting operationusing basically constant charge and processing condi

26、tionsand targeted at a fixed metal chemistry at the furnace spout.A heat can also be defined as a fixed time period for acontinuous melting operation provided that it is shorter thanthe time period covered by the above definition.hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which all theprincipal str

27、esses are equal (and there is no shear stress), asin a liquid at rest; the product of the unit weight of the liquidand the difference in elevation between the given point andthe free liquid elevation.inoculated iron, ncast iron, either liquid or solid, to whichone or more inoculating alloys have bee

28、n added while theiron was in the molten state.inoculated iron, fully, ncast iron, either liquid or solid, towhich all molten metal additions, including all inoculatingalloys, have been added.inoculating alloy, nan alloy added to molten iron for theprinciple purpose of nucleating a primary phase such

29、 asgraphite. Inoculating alloys are frequently used to avoid theformation of primary carbide by enhancing the nucleation ofgraphite.lot, na finite quantity of a given product manufactured underproduction conditions that are considered uniform.lower capability index (CPL), nthe difference between the

30、sample mean ( x) and the lower specification limit divided bythree times the standard deviation.CPL 5x 2 LSL!3 3 slower specification limit (LSL), nthe lowest specifiedvalue.M, nthe number of standard deviations, mutually concurredby the supplier and purchaser, to be used for calculations ofstatisti

31、cal conformance to such items as minimums, maxi-mums, specification ranges, and process capability indices.DISCUSSIONM values of three or less were used in establishinginitial ASTM specification limits; higher values of M result in reducedallowable variability for actual values when the property of

32、interest isbounded on both sides; in the case of a minimum or maximum, a highvalue of M can result in the need for excessively high or low meanproperty values ( x).malleable, ferritic, na ferrous alloy that is cast as white ironbut which is converted by an appropriate heat treatment to amicrostructu

33、re of temper carbon embedded in a ferriticmatrix essentially free of pearlite and carbide.malleable iron, na cast iron of such composition that itsolidifies as white iron, which upon proper heat treatment isconverted to a metallic matrix with nodules of tempercarbon.malleable, pearlitic, na ferrous

34、alloy that is cast as whiteiron but which is converted by an appropriate heat treatmentto a microstructure of temper carbon embedded in a matrixcontaining a controlled quantity, form, and distribution ofpearlite or tempered martensite.malleableize, vtto convert white iron into malleable ironthrough

35、an appropriate graphitizing heat treatment.A644052maximum (non-statistical), nthe highest acceptable actualtest result; any valid individual test result above the maxi-mum is cause for rejection of the component or material lotbeing tested.All xi#Maximum 5 USLmaximum (statistical), nthe highest acce

36、ptable statisticaltest result; for compliance, the sample mean ( x) plus Mstandard deviations(s), where M is a matter of agreementbetween the supplier and purchaser, must be less than, orequal to, the upper specification limit.x 1 M 3 s #Maximum 5 USLDISCUSSION1A normal data distribution is assumed

37、for thepopulation from which the data sample was drawn.DISCUSSION2 M values of three or less were used in establishinginitialASTM specifications limits. Higher values of M result in reducedallowable variability for actual values when the property of interest isbounded on both sides. In the case of a

38、 minimum or maximum, a highvalue of M can result in the need for excessively high or low meanproperty values ( x).mean ( x), nthe sum of the individual data points (xs)divided by the number of data points ( n).x 5(xinmelt, nthe total molten metal produced in a single heat.merchant pig iron, npig iro

39、n produced for commercial saleto foundries.minimum (non-statistical), nthe lowest acceptable actualtest result; any valid individual test result below the mini-mum is cause for rejection of the component or material lotbeing tested.All xi$Minimum 5 LSLminimum (statistical), nthe lowest acceptable st

40、atistical testresult; for compliance, the sample mean ( x) minus Mstandard deviation(s), where M is a matter of agreementbetween the supplier and purchaser, must be greater than, orequal to, the lower specification limit (LSL).x 2 M 3 s $Minimum 5 LSLDISCUSSION1A normal data distribution is assumed

41、for thepopulation from which the data sample was drawn.DISCUSSION2M values of three or less were used in establishinginitial ASTM specification limits; higher values of M result in reducedallowable variability for actual values when the property of interest isbounded on both sides; in the case of a

42、minimum or maximum, a highvalue of M can result in the need for excessively high or low meanproperty values ( x).mottled iron, na cast iron containing a mixed structure ofgray iron and white iron of variable proportions.The fracturehas a mottled appearance.nodular graphite, ngraphite in the form of

43、nodules orspheroids in iron castings.nodularity, nthe volumetric proportion of spheroidal ornodular graphite to total graphite in a ductile iron or acompacted graphite iron matrix (see Test Method A 247, forEvaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in IronCastings,2Types I and II).nodularity, degree

44、 of, nthe volumetric proportion of sphe-roidal or nodular graphite to total graphite in a ductile ironmatrix (see Test Method A 247, Types I and II).nodulizing alloy, nan alloy added to molten iron for theprimary purpose of causing the formation of spheroidalgraphite during solidification.pig iron,

45、nthe high carbon iron product obtained by thereduction of iron ores, typically in a blast furnace or anelectric furnace, and cast into uniform shapes (pigs) havingphysical and chemical characteristics suitable for end use asfoundry melting stock.range, data, nthe absolute value of the difference bet

46、weenthe highest and lowest values in a set of data.range, specification (non-statistical), nthe absolute valueof the difference between the highest (USL) and lowest(LSL) specified values; for compliance with a non-statisticalrange, each valid individual test result must lie at, or within,the specifi

47、cation limits.LSL#All xi#USLrange, specification (statistical), nthe absolute value of thedifference between the highest (USL) and lowest (LSL)specified values; for compliance with a statistical range, allcalculated values from the mean ( x) minus M times thestandard deviation(s) to the mean plus M

48、times the standarddeviation, where M is a matter of agreement between thesupplier and purchaser, must not lie outside of the specifi-cation limits.LSL#x 2 M 3 s and x 1 M 3 s#USLDISCUSSION1A normal data distribution is assumed for thepopulation from which the data sample was drawn.DISCUSSION2M value

49、s of three or less were used in establishinginitial ASTM specification limits; higher values of M result in reducedallowable variability for actual values when the property of interest isbounded on both sides; in the case of a minimum or maximum, a highvalue of M can result in the need for excessively high or low meanproperty values ( x).sample, none or more portions of a liquid or solid materialtaken in an unbiased manner from a batch, heat, lot