ASHRAE GUIDELINE 28 ADD A-2014 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft.pdf

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1、ASHRAE Addendum a toASHRAE Guideline 28-2012Air Quality withinCommercial AircraftApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 18, 2014, and by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on January 22, 2014.These addenda were approved by a Standing Guideline Project Committee (SGPC) for which the Standar

2、ds Committee hasestablished a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely, documented,consensus action on requests for change to any part of the guideline. The change submittal form, instructions, and deadlines maybe obtained in electronic form

3、 from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paper form from the Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAECustomer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 6

4、78-539-2129. Telephone:404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XDISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public i

5、n light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under

6、 itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing

7、and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this

8、Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 161CognizantTC:TC 9.3,Transportation Air ConditioningSPLS Liaison: Steven J. EmmerichSteven J

9、. Tochilin, Chair* Waller S. Clements* Byron W. Jones*Paul A. Lebbin, Vice Chair* Gary Steven Dutt* Joshua B. Kelton*Peggy Bendfeldt* Richard B. Fox* Michael Massoni*Frank Martin Brehany* John Mitchell Hall* Judith Murawski*Karen J. Bull* Michael Holland* Herbert Suitner* Denotes members of voting s

10、tatus when the document was approved for publicationSPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, identifyinga guideline for the design, testing, application, or evaluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. A

11、s a guideline it is not definitive butencompasses areas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are writtento assist professionals in the area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Technical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are

12、 prepared by project committees appointed specifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The projectcommittee chair and vice-chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Dev

13、elopment of ASHRAE Guidelines follows procedures similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance isdesired but not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve consensus but consensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not appealable, and(d) Guidelines are not submitted to ANS

14、I for approval.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Guideline, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.ASHR

15、AE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014William F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall

16、, Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. Rei

17、ndlJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. KennoyStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digit

18、al form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE Addendum a to ASHRAE Guideline 28-2012 1(This foreword is not part of this guideline. It is merelyinformative.)FOREWORDThis addendum provides a brief description of the use offlame retardants in the passenger cabin, as well as

19、a shortsummary of some flame retardant exposure data collected onaircraft and a list of references for the user to review some ofthe related health hazard literature. This addendum representsa new stand-alone section intended for Guideline 28-2012.Note: In this addendum, changes to the current stand

20、ardare indicated in the text by underlining (for additions) andstrikethrough (for deletions) unless the instructions specifi-cally mention some other means of indicating the changes.8.1.2.14 Flame Retardants. Halogenated flame retar-dants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) andchlorinate

21、d tris (TDCPP), are organobromine and organo-chlorine compounds, widely used as flame retardants infoams, fabrics, carpets, electronics, molded plastics, and res-ins. They are used in residential and occupational environ-ments, as well as in transportation vehicles, including aircraft.Flame retardan

22、t compounds can be released from treatedcompounds during the products life cycle.Many halogenated flame retardants are known to bioac-cumulate. Published studies have identified them as disrupt-ing hormones, interfering with reproduction and thyroidfunction and impairing the development of the nervo

23、us sys-tem (Chevrier 2010; Harley 2010; Herbstman 2010; Schreiber2010; Darenud 2008; Herbstman 2008; Turyk 2008; Chao etal. 2007; Costa et al. 2007; Main et al. 2007; Hardell 2006).In 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency committed tosummarize PBDE exposure hazards and outline the healthrisks an

24、d specific actions (EPA 2009).Concentrations of flame retardants in the aircraft cabinair have yet to be adequately quantified. To date, only twosmall exploratory studies have investigated potential PBDEexposure in aircraft cabins, and none have investigated expo-sure to other types of flame retarda

25、nts, such as, for example,TDCPP. One of these exploratory studies reported the pres-ence of PBDEs in aircraft cabin dust (Christiansson 2008).That study also identified a small increase in the PBDE serumlevel of nine passengers after a round trip flight, although thisincrease cannot necessarily be a

26、ttributed to exposure in theaircraft because of the opportunity of those passengers tohave been exposed to nonaircraft sources between flights. Incontrast, blood serum analyses of two frequent flyers did notshow elevated PBDE levels as compared to the general popu-lation. The second study (Schecter

27、2010) measured somePBDEs in the blood of nine flight attendants and one pilot.The authors reported that PBDE blood levels of the subjectswere comparable to those of the general public, although thepresence of other flame retardants was not investigated.Aircraft and interiors must meet regulatory sta

28、ndardsintended to prevent the spread of fire on aircraft. The FAA hasissued a performance standard for cabin materials that anignited source must self-extinguish per requirements of 14CFR Part 25 Appendix F, but it neither prescribes nor pro-scribes the use of any particular fire retardant.9. REFERE

29、NCESChristiansson, A., L. Hovander, I. Athanassiadis, K. Jako-bsson, and A. Bergman. 2008. Polybrominated diphenylethers in aircraft cabinsA source of human exposure?Chemosphere 73(10):165460.Chao, H.R., S.L. Wang, W.J. Lee, Y.F. Wang, and O. Papke2007. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs

30、) in breast milk from central Taiwan and theirrelation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstrua-tion effects. Environment International 33(2):23945.Chevrier, J., K.G. Harley, A. Bradman, M. Gharbi, A. Sjdin,and B. Eskenazi. 2010. Polybrominated diphenyl etherflame retardants and thyroid hormone

31、 during pregnancy.Environmental Health Perspectives 118(10):144449.Costa, L.G., and G. Giordano. 2007. Developmental neuro-toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flameretardants. Neurotoxicology 28(6):104767.Darnerud, P.O. 2008. Brominated flame retardants as possibleendocrine disrupters.

32、International Journal of Andrology31(2):15260.EPA. 2009. EPA news release: EPA announces actions toaddress chemicals of concern, including phthalates:agency continues efforts to work for comprehensivereform of toxic substance laws. Environmental Protec-tion Agency, Washington, DC.Hardell, L., B. Bav

33、el, G. Lindstrom, M. Eriksson, and M.Carlberg. 2006. In utero exposure to persistent organicpollutants in relation to testicular cancer risk. Interna-tional Journal of Andrology 29(1):22834.Harley, K.G., A.R. Marks, J. Chevrier, A. Bradman, A. Sj-din, and B. Eskenazi. 2010. PBDE concentrations inwom

34、ens serum and fecundability. Environmental HealthPerspectives 118(5):699704.Herbstman, T.B., A. Sjodin, M. Kurzon, S.A. Lederman, R.S.Jones, V. Rauh, L.L. Needham, D. Tang, M. Niedz-wiecki, R.Y. Wang, and F. Perera. 2010. Prenatal expo-sures to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. EnvironmentalHealth Perspec

35、tives 118(5):71219.Herbstman, J.B., A. Sjodin, B.J. Apelburg, F.R. Witter, R.U.Halden, D.G. Patterson, Jr., S.R. Panny, L.L. Needham,and L.R. Goldman. 2008. Birth delivery mode modifiedthe associations between prenatal polychlorinated biphe-nyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)and neona

36、tal thyroid hormone levels. EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives 116:137682.Main, K.M., H. Kiviranta, H.E. Virtanen, E. Sundqvist, J.T.Tuomisto, T. Vartiainen, N.E. Skakkebaek, and J. Top-pari. 2007. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milkAddendum a to Guideline 28-2012Add a new Section 8.1.2.14 as

37、 follows.Add the following references to Section 9. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ASHRAE Addendum a to ASHRAE Guideline 28-2012and cryp

38、torchidism in newborn boys. EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives 115(10):1519-26.Schecter, A., J. Colacino, D. Haffner, K. Patel, M. Opel, andO. Ppke. 2010. Discussion of “Polybromiated diphenylethers in aircraft cabinsA source of human exposure?”By Anna Christiansson et al. Chemosphere 2008 73(10)16546

39、0. Chemosphere 78(2);:2068.Schreiber, T., K. Gassmann, C. Gotz, U. Hbenthal, M.Moors, G. Krause, H.F. Merk, N.H. Nguyen, T.S. Scan-lan, J. Abel, C.R. Rose, and E. Fritsche. 2010. PBDEsinduce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitromodel: evidence for endocrine disruption. EnvironmentalHealth

40、Perspectives 118(4):57278.Turyk, M.E., V.W. Persky, P. Imm, L. Knobeloch, R. Chatter-ton, Jr., and H.A. Anderson. 2008. Hormone disruptionby PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers. Environ-mental Health Perspectives 116(12):163541. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reprodu

41、ction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAES CONCERNFORTHE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIESASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members activities on both the indoor and ou

42、tdoor environment. ASHRAEsmembers will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems andcomponents in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with acceptedstandards and the practical stat

43、e of the art.ASHRAEs short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the indoor andoutdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and otherresponsible bodies.As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will,

44、 through its Standards Committee and extensive technical committee structure,continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those newand revised standards developed by other responsible organizations.Through its Handbook, appropriate chap

45、ters will contain up-to-date standards and design considerations as the material issystematically revised.ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and will seekout and disseminate information from other responsible organizations tha

46、t is pertinent, as guides to updating standards andguidelines.The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the systemsintended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.ASHRAEs primary conc

47、ern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAEs scopeoperates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and energytransportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection should be made byits members. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org2/14