ANSI INCITS 256-2007 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).pdf

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1、American National StandardDeveloped byfor Information Technology Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)ANSI INCITS 256-2007ANSIINCITS256-2007ANSIINCITS 256-2007(Revision ofANSI INCITS 256-2001)American National Standardfor Information Technology Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)SecretariatInformati

2、on Technology Industry CouncilApproved July 2, 2007American National Standards Institute, Inc.AbstractThis standard defines Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) standard for item management. This stan-dard is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage interoperability of products for the

3、growingRFID market in the United States.Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that therequirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval havebeen met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board ofStand

4、ards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly andmaterially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more thana simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that allviews and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be madetowards thei

5、r resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; theirexistence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approvedthe standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or usingproducts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The

6、American National Standards Institute does not develop standards andwill in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American NationalStandard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue aninterpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the AmericanNational S

7、tandards Institute. Requests for interpretations should beaddressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the titlepage of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised orwithdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute re

8、quire that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, orwithdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards mayreceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the AmericanNational Standards Institute.American National StandardPublished byAmerican National Stan

9、dards Institute, Inc.25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036Copyright 2007 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without prior written permission of ITI, 1250 Eye St

10、reet NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of AmericaCAUTION: The developers of this standard have requested that holders of patents that may be re-quired for the implementation of the standard disclose such patents to the publisher. However, nei-ther the developers nor the publishe

11、r have undertaken a patent search in order to identify which, ifany, patents may apply to this standard. As of the date of publication of this standard, followingcalls for the identification of patents that may be required for the implementation of the standard,notice of one or more such claims has

12、been received. By publication of this standard, no positionis taken with respect to the validity of this claim or of any rights in connection therewith. The knownpatent holder(s) has (have), however, filed a statement of willingness to grant a license underthese rights on reasonable and nondiscrimin

13、atory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to ob-tain such a license. Details may be obtained from the publisher. No further patent search is con-ducted by the developer or publisher in respect to any standard it processes. No representation ismade or implied that this is the only license tha

14、t may be required to avoid infringement in the use ofthis standard.iContentsPageForeword iii1 Introduction 11.1 Purpose 11.2 Scope. 11.2.1 Frequency 11.2.2 Interface definitions 11.2.3 RFID system definition. 11.2.4 Minimum features 11.2.5 Compliance requirements 21.2.6 Document structure and refere

15、nces. 21.3 Referenced documents 21.3.1 Normative references. 21.3.2 Informative references . 21.4 RFID Terminology 31.5 Physical layer parameters 32 433.92 MHz RFID Protocols 92.1 433.92 MHz UHF narrowband active tag interface 92.1.1 Physical layer. 92.1.2 Preamble 102.1.3 Data byte format 102.1.4 C

16、RC bytes 102.1.5 Packet end period 102.1.6 Command and response formats. 102.1.7 Tag control and data commands . 122.1.8 Error codes (non-defined codes are reserved) 162.1.9 Physical layer. 163 2.45 GHz RFID Protocols 193.1 Passive Backscatter RFID System 193.1.1 Functional description 193.1.2 RFID

17、tag interface definition 273.1.3 PHYSICAL LINK SPECIFICATIONS . 353.2 Read/Write backscatter RFID systems 363.2.1 Introduction 363.2.2 Theory of operation 363.2.3 Command structure . 373.2.4 Error detection . 393.2.5 Command descriptions 413.2.6 Tag/interrogator communication 473.2.7 Tag memory layo

18、ut 483.2.8 Signal Specification 503.3 Hybrid Spread RFID System 523.3.1 Introduction 523.3.2 Data link layer: backscatter hybrid spread spectrum systems . 523.3.3 Physical layer: backscatter hybrid spread spectrum systems 84iiPage3.4 DSSS active RFID system. 873.4.1 Functional description 873.4.2 Ta

19、g design and datagram 893.4.3 Physical link specifications 91Tables1 Physical layer parameters . 32 Return link parameters 63 Physical layer specifications, forward link 164 Physical layer specifications, return link 175 Physical link sepcifications - forward link. 356 Physical link specifications -

20、 backscatter return link 367 Tag response commands 388 Frequency hopping spread spectrum - Forward link . 499 Frequency hopping spread spectrum - Return link 5010 Input specifications 5111 Output specifications . 5112 Command header parameters. 5413 Forward link parameters 8414 Return link parameter

21、s 8615 Forward link parameters 9116 Return link parameters 93Figures1 Data communication timing . 92 Tag ID in packet. 103 Tag group code determination. 124 Elements of tag command packet . 215 Sample command/response packets (write and group_select) . 306 Examples of communications sequences at the

22、 packet level 347 Tag block diagram . 378 Communications frame 389 Encoder/decoder . 4010 Send 1 command. 4311 Interrogator-to-tag communication. 4712 Tag transmission of 0 and 1 4713 Tag memory layout 4814 Timing diagram 51iiiPage15 Transmitted and reflected logic code . 5216 Generic packet structu

23、re 5217 Data link layer 5318 Generic data frame structure . 5319 Command packet structure 5320 Command header structure . 5421 DSSS PHY forward link frequency channel plan . 8522 DSSS PHY frequency channel plan. 8523 Components of a DSS active system. 8824 Fundamental tag operation 8925 Tag datagram

24、 protocol. 9026 CRC definition 90ivForeword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard ANSI INCITS 256-2007.)BSR INCITS 256 defines a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) standard for itemmanagement. This standard is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourageinteroperability

25、 of products for the growing RFID market in the United States. SinceU.S. FCC regulations do not restrict physical configuration options, this standard isan enabling standard which supports and promotes several RFID implementationswithout making conclusions about the relative technical merits of any

26、available optionfor any possible application. Requests for interpretation, suggestions for improvement or addenda, or defect re-ports are welcome. They should be sent to InterNational Committee for InformationTechnology Standards (INCITS), ITI, 1250 Eye Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington,DC 20005.Thi

27、s standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by INCITS. Com-mittee approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all committee mem-bers voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, INCITS had thefollowing members:Karen Higginbottom, ChairJennifer Garner,

28、SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAIM Global Dan MullenCharles Biss (Alt.)Apple Computer, Inc. David MichaelElectronic Industries Alliance Edward Mikoski, Jr.David Thompson (Alt.)EMC Corporation Gary RobinsonFarance, Inc Frank FaranceTimothy Schoechle (Alt.)GS1 US Frank Sharkey

29、James Chronowski (Alt.)Mary Wilson (Alt.)Hewlett-Packard Company. Karen HigginbottomSteve Mills (Alt.)Scott Jameson (Alt.)IBM Corporation . Ronald F. SillettiPeter Schirling (Alt.)IEEE . Judith GormanTerry DeCourcelle (Alt.)Bill Ash (Alt.)Jodi Haasz (Alt.)Bob Labelle (Alt.)Intel. Philip WennblomDave

30、 Thewlis (Alt.)Jesse Walker (Alt.)Grace Wei (Alt.)Lexmark International . Don WrightDwight Lewis (Alt.)Paul Menard (Alt.)Microsoft Corporation . Jim HughesDon Stanwyck (Alt.)Isabelle Valet-Harper (Alt.)National Institute of Standards ” International Standards Organization ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21. 1994. IS

31、O/IEC 19762-1, Information technology AIDC techniques Harmonized vocabulary Part 1: General terms relating to Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) ISO/IEC 19762-3, Information technology AIDC techniques Harmonized vocabulary Part 3: Radio Frequency Identiication (RFID) 1.3.2 Informative

32、references “U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 47, Chapter I, Part 15. Radio Frequency Devices,” U.S. Federal Communications Commission, Oct. 1, 1995 (hereinafter referred to as FCC Part 15). IEEE 802.11. “Standard for Wireless LAN: Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Spec

33、ification,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 1997. EN 300 220 (1997-11) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short range devices; Technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range w

34、ith power levels ranging up to 500 mW EN 300 330 V1.2.1 (1998-04) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment in the frequency range 9 kHz to 25 MHz and inductive loop systems in the frequen

35、cy range 9 kHz to 30 MHz I-ETS 300 440. “Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Short-range devices; Technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 25 GHz frequency range,” European Technical Standards Institution (ETSI), TC RES, STC RES8. December 1995. RCR ST

36、D-33A. “Radio Equipment for Low Power Data Communications System Radio Station,” Japan Research and Development Center for Radio Systems. March 17, 1993. NTIA Red Book, Chapter 7, Annex K. “The NTIA Manual of Regulations and biphase schemes, Manchester and FM0. F 8 Bit Rate Number of logical bits pe

37、r second, independent of the data coding. F 8a Bit Rate Accuracy Maximum deviation of the bit rate from the specified nominal bit rate, expressed in ppm. F 9 Interrogator Transmit Modulation Accuracy Peak vector error magnitude measured during each chip period. F 10 Tag Receiver Non-Destructive Inpu

38、t RF Level Maximum input power level that can occur at the tag without causing damage to the tag. F 11 Preamble Specific Layer 1 address, independent of Layer 2. Either an unmodulated carrier wave or a modulated carrier, in which case the requirement refers to the channel after coding. F 11a Bit Syn

39、c Sequence Series of bits generated by the physical layer that a receiver uses to synchronize to the incoming bit stream. F 11b Frame Sync Sequence Series of bits generated by the physical layer that indicates the start of a data link layer (Layer 2) message packet. ANSI INCITS 256-2007 6 Parameter

40、number Parameter name Description F 12 Scrambling Operation performed on all bits transmitted by the physical layer for the purposes of bit timing generation and improving spectral quality. F 13 Bit Transmission Order The order of bit transmission, either Least Significant Bit (LSB) first or Most Si

41、gnificant Bit (MSB) first Table 2 Return link parameters Parameter number Parameter name Description R 1 Operating Frequency Range Range of frequencies over which the communications link will operate. R 1a Default Operating Frequency Operating frequency at which the interrogator and tag establish co

42、mmunications. Value shown is the center frequency of the modulated signal. All compliant tags and interrogators must support operation at the default operating frequency. R 1b Operating Channels Number and value of the return link operating frequencies. Values provided are the center frequencies of

43、the modulated signals. R 1c Operating Frequency Accuracy Maximum deviation of the carrier frequency from the specified nominal frequency, expressed in ppm (e.g., 1 ppm of a 2450 MHz carrier allows the carrier frequency to be in the range of 2450 MHz 2.45 kHz). R 1d Frequency Hop Rate The inverse of

44、the dwell time at an FHSS center frequency. R 1e Frequency Hop Sequence Pseudorandomly ordered list of hopping frequencies used by the FHSS transmitter to select a FHSS channel. R 2 Occupied Channel Bandwidth The bandwidth of the communications signal occupying a specified channel. For FHSS and narr

45、owband operation, this bandwidth is the maximum allowed 20 dB bandwidth of the modulated signal in an occupied channel. For DSSS operation, this bandwidth is the maximum allowed null-to-null bandwidth (frequency difference between the main lobe nulls) of the DSSS signal in an occupied channel. (Also

46、 see F2, above) R 3 Transmit Maximum EIRP Maximum EIRP from the transmitting antenna, expressed in dBm. R 4 Transmit Spurious Emissions Undesired frequency outputs, including harmonics, intermodulation products, cross modulation, and parasitic emission from the transmitter. ANSI INCITS 256-2007 7 Pa

47、rameter number Parameter name Description R 4a Transmit Spurious Emissions, In-Band Spurious emissions that occur within the allowed range of carrier frequencies. R 4b Transmit Spurious Emissions, Out-of-Band Spurious emissions that occur outside the allowed range of carrier frequencies. R 5 Transmi

48、t Spectrum Mask Maximum power (density) emitted by the transmitter as a function of frequency. R 5a Transmit-to-Receive Turn-Around Time Maximum time after the tag has completed transmission of a reply to an interrogation until the time the tag is ready to receive another interrogation. R 5b Receive

49、-to-Transmit Turn-Around Time Maximum time after the tag has completed reception of an interrogation until the tag begins a reply transmission. R 5c Transmit Power On Ramp Maximum time required for the transmit power to increase from 10% to 90% of the steady-state transmit output power level. R 5d Transmit Power Down Ramp Maximum time required for the transmit power to decrease from 90% to 10% of the steady-state transmit output power. R 6 Modulation Keying of the carrier with coded data. R 6a Subcarrier Frequency Number and values of the return link subcarrier frequency.