ANSI ABMA 15243-2017 Rolling Bearings - Damage And Failures C Terms Characteristics and Causes.pdf

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1、A1 ABMA 330 N. Wabash Avenue Suite 2000 Chicago, IL 60611 Ph: 202 367-1155 E-mail: infoamericanbearings.org www.americanbearings.org ANSI/ABMA/ISO 15243-2017 ABMA Standard Rolling Bearings - Damage And Failures Terms, Characteristics, and Causes Sponsor American Bearing Manufacturers Association ANS

2、I/ABMA/ISO 15243-2017 (Identical Adoption of ISO 15243-2017) Copyright American Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc. Neither part of the printed publication, nor any part of the electronic tile may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, including transmittal by e-mail, by file transfer protoco

3、l (FTP), or by being made part of a network-accessible system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. ABMA FOREWORD (This foreword is not part of ANSI/ABMA/ISO 15243-2017.) IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

4、bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of developing International Standards is carried out through IS0 technical committees. Every member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been authorized has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, go

5、vernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. The text is approved as an International Standard if a two-thirds majority of the P (participating)-members of the TC/SC are in favor and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. Intern

6、ational Standard 15243-2017 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 4, Rolling Bearings. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI for national adoption by Accredited Standards Committee B3. Committee approval of the national adoption of this standard does not necessarily mea

7、n that all committee members voted for its adoption. Suggestions for the improvement of this standard gained through experience with its use will be welcomed. These suggestions should be sent to: ASC B3 Secretariat American Bearing Manufacturers Association 330 N. Wabash Ave, Ste 2000 Chicago, IL 60

8、611 ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TC 4 Date: 2017-03 ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO/TC 4 Secretariat: SIS Rolling bearings Damage and failures Terms, characteristics and causes Roulements Dtrioration et dfaillance Termes, caractristiques et causesISO 15243:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 2 Contents P

9、age Foreword 6 Introduction 7 1 Scope 8 2 Normative references 8 3 Terms and definitions . 8 4 Classification of failure modes occurring in rolling bearings . 9 5 Failure modes 10 Annex A (informative) Failure analysis Illustrations of damage Other investigations Explanation of terms used . 27 A.1 F

10、ailure analysis . 27 A.1.1 General . 27 A.1.2 Securing evidence before and after removal . 27 A.1.2.1 Important points 27 A.1.2.2 Conserving evidence . 27 A.1.2.3 Gathering evidence 28 A.1.2.4 Interpreting the evidence . 28 A.1.3 Contact traces 33 A.1.3.1 General . 33 A.1.3.2 Radial bearings . 33 A.

11、1.3.3 Thrust bearings. 36 A.2 Illustrated failures compendium Cause of failure and countermeasures 38 A.2.1 General . 38 A.2.2 Rolling contact fatigue 38 A.2.2.1 Subsurface initiated fatigue . 38 A.2.2.1.1 Cracks resulting from subsurface initiated fatigue in the early stage, before spalling, on the

12、 outer ring raceway of an angular contact ball bearing . 38 A.2.2.1.2 Spalling in an early stage on the outer ring raceway of an angular contact ball bearing . 38 A.2.2.1.3 Spalling in a more advanced stage on an outer ring raceway of an angular contact ball bearing . 39 A.2.2.1.4 Spalling resulting

13、 from subsurface initiated fatigue at two diametrically opposite locations On the outer ring raceways of a self-aligning ball bearing 39 A.2.2.2 Surface initiated fatigue . 39 A.2.2.2.1 Microspalling on the inner ring raceway of a spherical roller bearing . 39 ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights r

14、eserved 3 A.2.2.2.2 Surface initiated fatigue on the inner ring raceway of a tapered roller bearing 39 A.2.2.2.3 Surface initiated fatigue on roller raceways of a needle roller bearing . 40 A.2.2.2.4 Surface initiated fatigue on the inner ring raceways of a double row angular contact ball bearing Ob

15、lique running path pattern 40 A.2.2.2.5 Spalling on the inner ring raceway of an angular contact ball bearing 41 A.2.2.2.6 Spalling (peeling) on the inner ring raceways of a tapered roller bearing . 41 A.2.3 Wear 41 A.2.3.1 Abrasive wear 41 A.2.3.1.1 Abrasive wear on the inner ring raceways of a sph

16、erical roller bearing non-rotating inner ring 41 A.2.3.1.2 Abrasive wear on the end face of a cylindrical roller 42 A.2.3.1.3 Abrasive wear on the inner ring raceway and roller of a tapered roller bearing 42 A.2.3.1.4 Abrasive wear on the cage pockets of a solid metal cage of an angular contact ball

17、 bearing . 42 A.2.3.1.5 Abrasive wear, polishing of the inner and outer ring raceways of a spherical roller bearing . 44 A.2.3.2 Adhesive wear 44 A.2.3.2.1 Smearing on the inner ring raceway of a cylindrical roller bearing 44 A.2.3.2.2 Smearing on the large end face of a tapered roller 44 A.2.4 Corr

18、osion . 44 A.2.4.1 Moisture corrosion. 45 A.2.4.1.1 Corrosion on sub-assemblies from improper storage 45 A.2.4.1.2 Corrosion, hand perspiration (fingerprint) 45 A.2.4.1.3 Contact corrosion on the inner ring raceway of an angular contact ball bearing 45 A.2.4.1.4 Contact corrosion on the inner ring r

19、aceway of a tapered roller bearing, spacing equivalent to roller pitch . 46 A.2.4.2 Fretting corrosion 46 A.2.4.2.1 Fretting corrosion on the entire surface of the inner ring bore of a cylindrical roller bearing . 46 A.2.4.2.2 Fretting corrosion on the inner ring bore of a ball bearing 46 A.2.4.2.3

20、Fretting corrosion on the outside diameter of a spherical roller bearing 47 A.2.4.2.4 Fretting corrosion on the outside diameter of a deep groove ball bearing 47 A.2.4.2.5 Fretting corrosion on the face of a deep groove ball bearing. 47 A.2.4.3 False brinelling 48 A.2.4.3.1 False brinelling on the i

21、nner ring raceway of an angular contact ball bearing . 48 A.2.4.3.2 False brinelling on the inner ring raceway of a deep groove ball bearing 48 A.2.4.3.3 False brinelling on the inner ring raceway of a needle roller bearing Standby equipment . 48 ISO 15243:2017(E) 4 ISO 2017 All rights reserved A.2.

22、4.3.4 False brinelling on the outer ring raceway of a cylindrical roller bearing . 49 A.2.5 Electrical erosion . 49 A.2.5.1 Excessive current erosion . 49 A.2.5.1.1 Craters in the outer ring raceway of a deep groove ball bearing . 49 A.2.5.1.2 Electrical erosion, cratering on a tapered roller 49 A.2

23、.5.2 Current leakage erosion 50 A.2.5.2.1 Fluting (washboarding) on the inner and outer ring raceways of a deep groove ball bearing. 50 A.2.5.2.2 Fluting due to current leakage erosion on the inner ring raceway and rollers of a cylindrical roller bearing 50 A.2.5.2.3 Advanced stage of fluting due to

24、 current leakage erosion on the inner ring raceway of a cylindrical roller bearing 50 A.2.5.2.4 Fluting on a spherical roller raceway, resulting from electric erosion 51 A.2.6 Plastic deformation . 51 A.2.6.1 Deformation by overloading 51 A.2.6.1.1 Overload deformation in the outer ring raceway of a

25、 deep groove ball bearing . 51 A.2.6.1.2 Overload deformation on the inner ring raceways of a spherical roller bearing 51 A.2.6.1.3 Overload deformation on the inner ring raceway of a cylindrical roller bearing - deformations corresponding to rolling element pitch . 52 A.2.6.1.4 Spalling resulting f

26、rom overload deformation on the inner ring raceway of a deep groove ball bearing, corresponding to ball pitch . 52 A.2.6.2 Indentations from particles 52 A.2.6.2.1 Indentation from particles on raceways and rolling elements of a spherical roller bearing . 52 A.2.6.2.2 Spalling starting on an indenta

27、tion on an inner ring raceway 53 A.2.6.2.3 Indentations and subsequent spalling in the inner ring of a deep groove ball bearing . 53 A.2.7 Fracture . 53 A.2.7.1 Forced fracture . 53 A.2.7.1.1 Forced fracture on the inner ring of a spherical roller bearing 53 A.2.7.1.2 Forced fracture of the inner ri

28、ng of a deep groove ball bearing . 54 A.2.7.1.3 Forced fracture of the back face rib of the inner ring of a tapered roller bearing . 54 A.2.7.2 Fatigue fracture 54 A.2.7.2.1 Fatigue fracture of the cage of a deep groove ball bearing . 54 A.2.7.2.2 Fatigue fracture of the inner ring of a tapered roll

29、er bearing . 54 A.2.7.3 Thermal cracking . 54 A.2.7.3.1 Thermal cracks on the outside rib of the outer ring of a cylindrical roller bearing . 55 A.2.7.3.2 Thermal cracks on the inner ring bore of a tapered roller bearing 55 ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 5 A.2.7.3.3 Thermal cracks on

30、 the large end face of a roller of a tapered roller bearing. 55 A.3 Other investigations 56 A.4 Explanations for the terms used . 56 Bibliography . 61 ISO 15243:2017(E) 6 ISO 2017 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of natio

31、nal standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internati

32、onal organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intende

33、d for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.is

34、o.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document wil

35、l be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expres

36、sions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 4, Rolling bearing

37、s. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 15243:2004), which has been technically revised. ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 7 Introduction In practice, damage and/or failure of a rolling bearing can often be the result of several mechanisms operating simultaneo

38、usly. The failure can result from improper transport, handling, mounting or maintenance or from faulty manufacture of the bearing or its adjacent parts. In some instances, failure is due to a design compromise made in the interests of economy or from unforeseen operating and environmental conditions

39、. It is the complex combination of design, manufacture, mounting, operation and maintenance that often causes difficulty in establishing the root cause of failure. NOTE Be aware that counterfeit bearings are circulated in the market. They might look as original bearings, but their use often lead to

40、very early damage or failure. In the event of extensive damage to or catastrophic failure of the bearing, the evidence is likely to be lost and it will then be impossible to identify the root cause of failure. It is therefore important to stop equipment in time to enable appropriate bearing damage a

41、nalysis (see Figure 1). In all cases, knowledge of the actual operating conditions of the assembly and the maintenance history is of utmost importance. NOTE The spall started just behind the dent in the raceway a). Over a period of time, the spalling becomes more severe b) and c). If not stopped in

42、time, the proof of the root cause disappears d). Figure 1 Progression of bearing damage The classification of bearing failure established in this document is based primarily upon the features visible on rolling contact surfaces and other functional surfaces. Consideration of each feature is required

43、 for reliable determination of the root cause of bearing failure. Since more than one failure mechanism may cause similar effects to these surfaces, a description of appearance alone is often inadequate for determining the cause of the failure. In such cases, the operating conditions need to be cons

44、idered. In some cases, the analysed damage is too advanced, and can be originated from different primary causes. In these cases, it is interesting to look for simultaneous presence of indications to determine the primary cause of the failure. This document covers rolling bearings having steel rings

45、and rolling elements. Damage to the rings of bearings with ceramic rolling elements shows similar failure modes. In this document, bearing life is as described in ISO 2811, which provides formulae to calculate bearing life taking a number of factors into consideration, such as bearing load carrying

46、capacity, bearing load, type of bearing, material, bearing fatigue load limit, lubrication conditions and degree of contamination. ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 8 Rolling bearings Damage and failures Terms, characteristics and causes 1 Scope This document classifies different modes

47、of failure occurring in service for rolling bearings made of standard bearing steels. For each failure mode, it defines and describes the characteristics, appearance and possible root causes of failure. It will assist in the identification of failure modes based on appearance. For the purposes of th

48、is document, the following terms are explained: failure of a rolling bearing: the result of a damage that prevents the bearing meeting the intended design performance or marks the end of service life; in service: as soon as the bearing has left the manufacturers factory; visible features: those that

49、 are possible to observe directly or with magnifiers or optical microscopes, also those from pictures, but only with the use of non-destructive methods. Consideration is restricted to characteristic forms of change in appearance and failure that have well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular causes with a high degree of certainty. The features of particular interest for explaining changes and failures are described. The various forms are illustrated with photographs and the most freque