AHRI 560-2000 Absorption Water Chilling And Water Heating Packages.pdf

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1、 Price $20.00 (M)/$40.00 (NM) 8Copyright 2000, by Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Printed in U.S.A. Registered United States Patent and Trademark Office ANSI/AHRI Standard 560 (formerly ARI Standard 560) 2000 Standard for Absorption Water Chilling And Water Heating Packages Price $20.00

2、 (M) $30.00 (NM) Copyright 2000, by Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Printed in U.S.A. Registered United States Patent and Trademark Office IMPORTANT SAFETY DISCLAIMER AHRI does not set safety standards and does not certify or guarantee the safety of any products, components or systems d

3、esigned, tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with this standard/guideline. It is strongly recommended that products be designed, constructed, assembled, installed and operated in accordance with nationally recognized safety standards and codes requirements appropriate for products cov

4、ers by this standard/guideline. AHRI uses its best efforts to develop standards/guidelines employing state-of-the-art and accepted industry practices. AHRI does not certify or guarantee that any test conducted under its standards/guidelines will be non-hazardous or free from risk Note: This standard

5、 supersedes ARI Standard 560-92. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE Section 1. Purpose . 1 Section 2. Scope 1 Section 3. Definitions 1 Section 4. Test Requirements 3 Section 5. Rating Requirements 3 Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings . 9 Section 7. Marking and Nameplate Data . 10

6、 Section 8. Conformance Conditions 10 TABLES Table 1. Standard Rating Conditions 11 Table 2. Part-Load Rating Conditions (All Chiller Types) 12 FIGURES Figure 1. Allowable Tolerance Curves for Full and Part-Load . 13 Figure 2. IPLV and NPLV Tolerance Curve 13 APPENDICES Appendix A. References Normat

7、ive . 14 Appendix B. References Informative . 14 Appendix C. Method of Testing Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Packages Normative 15 Appendix D. Derivation of Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV) Normative . 22 TABLES FOR APPENDICES Table D1. Group 1 Water Cooled IPLV Data and Calculation .

8、 27 Table D2. Group 1 - 4 IPLV Summary 28 FIGURES FOR APPENDICES Figure D1. Ton-Hours Distribution Categories 23 Figure D2. Bin Groupings Ton-Hours . 24 Figure D3. Group 1 Ton-Hours Distribution Categories 25 Figure D4. Group 2 Ton-Hours Distribution Categories 25 ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 560-2000 1 ABSOR

9、PTION WATER CHILLING AND WATER HEATING PACKAGES Section 1. Purpose 1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish for Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Packages: definitions; test requirements; rating requirements; minimum data requirements for Published Ratings; marking and nam

10、eplate data; and conformance conditions. 1.1.1 Intent. This standard is intended for the guidance of the industry, including manufacturers, engineers, installers, contractors, and users. 1.1.2 Review and Amendment. This standard is subject to review and amendment as technology advances. Section 2. S

11、cope 2.1 Scope. This standard applies to water-cooled single-effect steam and hot water operated water chilling units, water-cooled double-effect steam and hot water operated water chilling units, and double-effect Direct-Fired (natural gas, oil, LP gas) water chilling/heating units. Water is the re

12、frigerant and LiBr (lithium bromide) the absorbent. See definitions in Section 3. 2.2 Exclusions. This standard does not apply to air-cooled applications, heat pump applications, exhaust gas fired applications, and non-standard units. Section 3. Definitions Definitions. All terms in this document sh

13、all follow the standard industry definitions in the current edition of ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration unless otherwise defined in this section. 3.1 Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Package. A factory designed and prefabricated assembly emplo

14、ying water as the refrigerant and consisting of an evaporator, absorber, condenser, generator(s) and solution heat exchangers, with interconnections and accessories used for chilling or heating water. The package utilizes single or multiple reconcentrations of an absorbent solution. The reconcentrat

15、ions of the absorbent are known as effects. A single effect package employs one step reconcentration of the absorbent in the generator. Water vapor is released after the heat energy is introduced into the generator. The concentrated absorbent is returned to the absorber where it can absorb water vap

16、or flashed off in the evaporator. A double effect package employs a two step reconcentration of the absorbent through the use of an additional high temperature generator. An absorption package can be further defined by the following: 3.1.1 Direct Fired Package. This type of package reconcentrates th

17、e absorbent from heat energy through the combustion of natural gas, LP gas or oil. 3.1.2 Indirect Fired Package. This type of package reconcentrates the absorbent from heat energy from steam or hot water. 3.2 Coefficient of Performance (COP). A ratio of Cooling/Heating Capacity in watts W to the pow

18、er input values in watts W at any given set of rating conditions expressed in watts/watt W/W. For heating COP, supplementary resistance heat shall be excluded. 3.3 Cooling Only Mode. Operational mode of a Direct-Fired chiller/heater which supplies (only) chilled water. 3.4 Energy Input. The heat con

19、tent of the fuel, steam or hot water excluding the electrical input. ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 560-2000 2 3.4.1 Direct Fired. Energy Input is the gross heating content of the fuel based on the Higher Heating Value in MBH kW. 3.4.2 Indirect Fired. Energy Input is the heat content of the steam or hot water i

20、n MBH kW. 3.5 Fouling Factor. The thermal resistance due to fouling accumulated on the heat transfer surface. 3.5.1 Field Fouling Allowance. Provision for anticipated fouling during use, hft2F/Btu m2C/W. 3.6 Heating Only Mode. Operational mode of a Direct-Fired chiller/heater which supplies only hot

21、 water. 3.7 Higher Heating Value (HHV). The amount of heat produced per unit of fuel when complete combustion takes place at constant pressure, the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature of the fuel and air, and the vapor formed during combustion is condensed, Btu/lb or Btu/ft3

22、W/m3 for gaseous fuel, or Btu/lb J/kg or Btu/gal for liquid fuel. 3.8 High Pressure Steam. Steam pressures above 15.0 psig 103 kPa, but below 150 psig 1030 kPa. 3.9 Hot Water Heating Option. Hot water can be provided from an absorption chiller/heater through either of two circuits: 3.9.1 Through the

23、 evaporator circuit (2-pipe system); typically applied at temperatures up to 140F 60.0C (standard temperature hot water). 3.9.2 Through a separate hot water heat exchanger (4-pipe system); typically applied at temperatures above 140F 60.0C up to and including 175F 79.4C and/or for simultaneous heati

24、ng/cooling operation (high temperature hot water). 3.10 Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV). A single number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated per the methods described in 5.3 referenced to Standard Rating Conditions. 3.11 Low Pressure Steam. Steam pressures 15.0 psig 103 kPa and below.

25、3.12 Net Cooling/Heating Capacity. The net cooling/ heating capacity is considered as the usable capacity to the users system. 3.13 Non-Standard Part-Load Value (NPLV). A single number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated per the method described in 5.3 referenced to conditions other than

26、 IPLV Conditions (for units that are not designed to operate at AHRI Standard Rating Conditions). 3.14 Published Ratings. A statement of the assigned values of those performance characteristics, under stated Rating Conditions, by which a unit may be chosen to fit its application. These values apply

27、to all units of like nominal size and type (identification) produced by the same manufacturer. As used herein, the term Published Rating includes the rating of all performance characteristics shown on the unit or published in specifications, advertising or other literature controlled by the manufact

28、urer, at stated Rating Conditions. 3.14.1 Application Rating. A rating based on tests performed at Application Rating conditions (other than Standard Rating Conditions). 3.14.2 Standard Rating. A rating based on tests performed at Standard Rating Conditions. 3.15 “Shall“ or “Should“. “Shall“ or “sho

29、uld“ shall be interpreted as follows: 3.15.1 Shall. Where “shall“ or “shall not“ is used for a provision specified, that provision is mandatory if compliance with the standard is claimed. 3.15.2 Should. “Should“ is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as good p

30、ractice. ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 560-2000 3 3.16 Simultaneous Heating/Cooling Mode. Operational mode of a Direct-Fired absorption chiller/heater whereby chilled water and hot (heating) water are produced at the same time. Section 4. Test Requirements 4.1 Test Requirements. All tests for chiller or chille

31、r/heater ratings shall be conducted in accordance with the test method specified in Appendix C. Section 5. Rating Requirements 5.1 Standard Rating Conditions. Published Ratings for all Absorption Water Chilling Packages shall include the Standard Rating, corresponding to the applicable Standard Rati

32、ng Conditions shown in Table 1, and identified as the Standard Rating. Standard Ratings shall include a water-side fouling factor allowance for the absorber/condenser of 0.00025 hft2F/Btu 0.000044 m2C/W and for the evaporator of 0.0001 hft2F/Btu 0.000018 m2C/W. 5.2 Application Rating Conditions. App

33、lication Ratings (at other than Standard Rating Conditions) include ratings at the following range of conditions or within the operating limits of the equipment: Leaving chilled water temperature 40 to 48F 4.4 to 8.9C in increments of 2F 1C or less. Entering absorber/condenser water temperature . 70

34、.0 to 90F 26.7 to 32.2C in increments of 5F 3C or less. Absorber/condenser water flow rate limit . 2.8 to 6.0 gpm/ton 0.05 to 0.11 L/s per kW. Evaporator chilled water flow rate limit . 1.6 to 3.0 gpm/ton 0.03 to 0.05 L/s per kW. Heating water flow rate (double effect heating cycle) manufacturers st

35、andard gpm/ton L/s per kW. Steam pressure (at steam valve or inlet . 0 to 15.0 psig 0 to 103 kPa gauge in increments of header of a single stage unit) 2.0 psi 14 kPa or less manufacturer to specify. Steam pressure (at steam valve or inlet header . 0 to 125 psig 0 to 861 kPa in increments of 15.0 psi

36、 of a two-stage unit 103 kPa or less manufacturer to specify. Hot water (to generator) temperature 180F to 400F 82C to 204C. 5.3 Part-Load Ratings. The intent of part-load ratings is to permit the development of part-load performance over a range of operating conditions. 5.3.1 Part-Load rating point

37、s shall be presented in one or more of the following three ways: 5.3.1.1 Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV). Based on the conditions defined in Table 2. 5.3.1.2 Non-Standard Part-Load Value (NPLV). Based on the conditions defined in Table 2. 5.3.1.3 Separate Part-Load Data Point(s) Suitable for Calcu

38、lating IPLV or NPLV. In addition, other part-load points may also be presented. 5.3.2 Determination of Part-Load Performance. For water chilling packages covered by this standard, Part-Load Values (IPLV or NPLV) shall be calculated as follows: 5.3.2.1 Determine the part-load energy efficiency at 100

39、%, 75%, 50%, and 25% load points at the conditions specified in Table 2. ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 560-2000 4 5.3.2.2 Use the following equation to calculate the IPLV or NPLV: For COP: IPLV or NPLV =0.01A+0.42B+0.45C+0.12D1a where: A = COP at 100% B = COP at 75% C = COP at 50% D = COP at 25% For MBH/ton: I

40、PLV or NPLV =10.01 0.42 0.45 0.12+B DAC1b where: A = MBH/ton at 100% B = MBH/ton at 75% C = MBH/ton at 50% D = MBH/ton at 25% 5.3.2.3 For a derivation of equations (1a), (1b) and example of an IPLV or NPLV calculation, see Appendix D. The weighting factors have been based on the weighted average of

41、the most common building types and operations using average weather in 29 U.S. cities, with and without airside economizers. 5.3.2.4 The IPLV or NPLV rating requires that the unit efficiency be determined at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% at the conditions as specified in Table 2. If the unit, due to its ca

42、pacity control logic, cannot be operated at 25% capacity, then the unit can be operated at its minimum capacity and the 25% chiller capacity point shall then be determined by using the following equation: DNet OutputCOP = Net InputC(2) where CDis a degradation factor to account for cycling of the ch

43、iller for capacities less than the minimum capacity. CDshall be calculated using the following equation: D= (-0.13 LF) + 1.13CThe factor LF shall be calculated using the following equation: Capacity) Unit (MinimumCapacity) Unit Load (Full 100Load %= LFwhere: % Load is the standard rating point i.e.

44、75%, 50% and 25% Minimum Unit Capacity is the measured or calculated unit capacity from which standard rating points are determined using the method above. ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 560-2000 5 5.3.2.5 Sample Calculation. The following is an example of an IPLV calculation: Using the above data, the part-loa

45、d COP value can be calculated. Because the unit cannot unload to 25% capacity, the following additional calculations are required to determine point AD. Using the minimum capacity data point listed above that was determined at the minimum step of capacity at the conditions of a 25% capacity: 0.71 =

46、35.0(1.00) x (0.25)= LFCD= (-0.13 x 0.71) + 1.13 = 1.04 1.10 = 1000 x 368 x 1.04htonBtu12000 x tons35.0= COP/Using the A, B, C and D efficiencies, the IPLV can then be calculated as follows: IPLV (COP) = (0.01 x 1.00) + (0.42 x 1.06) + ( 0.45 x 1.12) + (0.12 x 1.10) = 1.09 5.4 Fouling Factor Allowan

47、ces. When ratings are published, they shall include those with Fouling Factors as specified in Table 1. Additional ratings, or means of determining those ratings, at other fouling factor allowances may also be published. 5.4.1 Method of Establishing Cleaned and Fouled Ratings from Laboratory Test Da

48、ta. 5.4.1.1 A series of tests shall be run in accordance with the method outlined in Appendix C to establish the units performance. 5.4.1.2 Evaporator water-side and absorber/condenser water-side heat transfer surfaces shall be considered clean during testing. Tests will be assumed to reflect Foulin

49、g Factors of 0.000 hft2 F/Btu 0.000 m2C/W. 5.4.1.3 To determine the capacity of the chiller package at the rated fouling conditions, the procedure defined in C7.3 shall be used to determine an adjustment for the evaporator and or absorber/condenser water temperatures. 5.4.1.4 To simulate fouling factor allowance at full and part-load conditions, the method defined in C7.3 shall be used. Part-Load Values Provided Point Load % Capacity (tons) MBH COP A 100 100 1200 1.00 B