BS PD CEN TR 15591-2007 Solid recovered fuels Determination of the biomass content based on the <up 14>C method《固体再生材料 塑料制品 基于C方法测定生物的数量》.pdf
《BS PD CEN TR 15591-2007 Solid recovered fuels Determination of the biomass content based on the <up 14>C method《固体再生材料 塑料制品 基于C方法测定生物的数量》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《BS PD CEN TR 15591-2007 Solid recovered fuels Determination of the biomass content based on the <up 14>C method《固体再生材料 塑料制品 基于C方法测定生物的数量》.pdf(36页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15591:2007 Solid recovered fuels Determination of the biomass content based on the 14 C method ICS 75.160.10 PD CEN/TR 15591:2007 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0
2、 580 50522 5 National foreword This Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15591:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels. A list of organizations represented on PTI/17 can be obtained on request
3、 to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15591 February 2007
4、ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of the biomass content based on the 14 C method Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination de la teneur en biomasse, base sur la mthode du C 14Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Biomasse nach de 14 C-Method
5、e This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 1 January 2007. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 343. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irelan
6、d, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart,
7、36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15591:2007: E2 Contents Page Foreword3 0 Introduction4 1 Scope 7 2 Terms and definitions .7 3 Symbols and abbreviations 7 4 Methods of measurement .8 4.1 P
8、rinciple8 4.2 Sampling.8 4.3 Transport and storage.8 4.4 Preparation of the test portion from the laboratory sample .9 4.5 Analysis by Proportional Scintillation-counter Method (PSM) .9 4.6 Analysis by -ionisation (proportional gas counting) (BI)10 4.7 Analysis by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
9、 10 5 Equipment and reagents.10 5.1 For the preparation of the test portion 10 5.2 For the analysis by PSM .11 5.3 For the analysis by -ionisation (BI) .11 5.4 For analysis by AMS (example from Utrecht University).11 6 Procedure .11 6.1 For sampling 11 6.2 For the preparation of the test portion 12
10、6.3 Procedure for analysis 13 7 Calculations13 7.1 General13 7.2 Calibration 14 7.3 Example for the calculation of a RDF sample analysed with PSM .15 8 Uncertainty of measurement (PMS and BI measurements) based in Poisson statistics.15 9 Strengths and weaknesses.16 9.1 Comparison of 14 C based metho
11、ds with SDM 16 9.2 Comparison of PSM, Gas Counting (BI) and AMS .17 10 Legislative aspects17 10.1 General17 10.2 Austria.17 10.3 The Netherlands.17 10.4 Finland 18 11 Conclusions .18 Annex A (informative) Origin of expertise present in the technical report19 Annex B (informative) List of European la
12、bs with radio carbon expertise.22 Bibliography 33 CEN/TR 15591:2007 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15591:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of th
13、is document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. CEN/TR 15591:20074 0 Introduction 0.1 General This document has been prepared as a result of the CEN/TC 343/WG 3 meeting in Amsterdam in April 2005. It sum
14、marizes the state of the art in 14 C-based methods applied to determining the biomass content of SRF; as of yet no technical CEN standards for the application of 14 C-based methods to determine biomass content are available. The purpose of this Technical Report is to present the information availabl
15、e on this subject at this moment to assess if an extension of the available methods for determining the biomass content of SRF is required, wanted and technically possible. Analytically proven standards exist for determining the biomass content of SRF by manual sorting and by selective dissolution (
16、CEN/TS 15440 1). In the Netherlands these methods are available as NTA (National Technical Agreement) and have been in use for some years. Important advantages of these standards are their applicability using basic laboratory equipment and available personnel. However, they are not applicable to all
17、 kinds of solid recovered fuels. The manual sorting method fails if the constituents of the sample are shredded too finely, if they are strongly intertwined or compressed or if they cannot be recognized visually. The selective dissolution method fails if biomass constituents are present that do not
18、dissolve, or fossil components that do. Both methods fall short if fossil and biomass carbon are mixed at the molecular level. 14 C based methods do not use chemical or morphological properties of the sample but physical properties of the carbon atoms themselves. Because 14 C based methods are based
19、 on these physical properties they avoid the problems of manual sorting and selective dissolution methods. On the other hand they need more instrumentation and skilled personnel. They are proposed here as an addition to the manual sorting and selective dissolution methods because they resolve analyt
20、ical problems that are otherwise irresolvable. The application of 14 C based methods for similar purposes are not new 2 3. In this document the information available in Europe and the USA concerning biomass carbon content determination in solid recovered fuels with 14 C based methods is presented to
21、 give the reader background information about possibilities and drawbacks of these methods. 0.2 Basis of the 14 C method The 14 C method is a well-known method in global use, for determining the age of carbon containing matter. 14 C is a radioactive isotope; its presence in the air is a result of th
22、e interaction of cosmic radiation and the nitrogen in the atmosphere (see Figure 1). Fossil carbon contains no 14 C, however a trace amount of 14 C is present in living matter. The 14 C isotope is quickly converted to 14 CO 2after formation and enters living matter when atmospheric 14 CO 2is convert
23、ed in the biosphere by photosynthesis to sugars and further converted to e.g. cellulose. The concentration of 14 C in air is considered constant all over the world. In living material the concentration of 14 C is stable and in equilibrium with the air concentration. In dead material the concentratio
24、n of 14 C slowly diminishes to zero as the radioactive 14 C isotope decays. Measuring the amount of 14 C in solid recovered fuels is the basis for determining biomass content based on the 14 C method. CEN/TR 15591:2007 5 Figure 1 Illustration of the basis of the 14 C method Organic material is used
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