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1、,Snake Bites,www.wikipedia.org/snakebites,Introduction,There are over 3,000 species of snakes on the Planet, but only 15% are considered to be dangerous Snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica Every State except Alaska, Hawaii, and Maine are home to at least 20 venomous snake species E

2、ach year there are 45,000 incidents of snake bites in the U.S. 7,000 - 8,000 are from venomous snakes On average 10 people die each year The literary word for snake is serpant which comes from Old French meaning “to creep”. The snake is also used as the symbol for medicine because of its relation to

3、 Asclepius, the Greek god of Medicine.,www.wikipedia.org/snakevenom, www.mun.ca,Snake Venom,Snake Venom is a Toxin (Hemotoxin Neurotoxin, or Cytotoxin) A varied form of saliva It is excreted through a modified parotid salivary gland Located on each side of the skull Behind the eye Snake venoms are a

4、 combination of proteins and enzymes The flow of venom is produced through a pumping mechanism from an alveolar sac that stores the venom, proceeds through a channel, down a tubular fang which is hollow in the center to project the venom into the air or its prey Though the venom is dangerous, since

5、it is not inhaled it cannot be considered a Poison,http:/library.thinkquest.org/CRO214503/benefits%200f%20snakes%20page.html,Benefits,Although snakes have been deemed as one of the worlds most dangerous and disgusting critters on the planet, they actually have some benefits: Help control the smaller

6、 members of the animal kingdom from becoming overpopulated They save farmers a minimum of seventy-five dollars annually by ridding their fields of destructive rodents Snakes eat harmful rodents (mice, rats, etc.) and insects that may carry harmful diseases Snakes also possess an oil that can be harv

7、ested that is used to remedy pain in joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The fats and the oils extracted from the snakes have a high content of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), hence it is thought to have inflammation reduction properties.,, http:/ Video,Snake Bite Video,Venom,Varies widely between sp

8、ecies and even within a species Geographic location ex. Mojave rattlesnake Age of snake Last feeding http:/ protein by dry weight and most of these are enzymes 25 different enzymes have been isolated from venoms and 10 of these occur frequently in most venoms Synergistic effects: different venoms co

9、ntain different combinations of enzymes causing a more potent effect than any of the individual effects (very similar to drug synergism) Generally speaking, venoms are either neurotoxic, hemotoxic or cytotoxic and the enzymes in the venom are responsible for these effectshttp:/www.rattlesnakebite.or

10、g/rattlesnakepics.htm http:/ of Toxicity,The most common types of enzymes are proteolytic, phospholipases, and hyaluronidases Proteolytic Enzymes: digestive properties Phospholipases: degrade lipids Hyaluronidases: speed venom spread through the bodyhttp:/jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses03/Pape

11、rsCostaRicaArticles/VenomousSnakeGoodness.AnA.html http:/ of Toxicity,Collagenases Phosphodiesterases Acetylcholinesterase Circulatory System Effectshttp:/jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses03/PapersCostaRicaArticles/VenomousSnakeGoodness.AnA.html,Mechanism of Action,Toxic effects are the most com

12、mon focus of snake venom but often the compounds responsible for these effects can be isolated and used for beneficial purposes Can range from anti-venom production, to multiple sclerosis treatment, and slowing of cancer growth and metastasis rates,Mechanism of Action,A study done in 2006 isolated d

13、enmotoxin from mangrove catsnake venom Strong neurotoxic effects on birds with little on mice Able to research and isolate compounds to make discoveries in anit-coagulant, antiplatelet, and anti-hypertensive agents as well as anti-angiogenic compounds for cancer treatmenthttp:/www.news.vcu.edu/vcu_v

14、iew/pages.aspx?nid=1732,Mechanism of Action,Another group of researchers isolated an enzyme, called fibrolase, in rattlesnake venom Showing great promise in dissolving blood clots, like those associated with heart attacks, strokes, and deep-vein thrombosis Clot-busting drugs on the market now dissol

15、ve the blockages in two steps while the fibrolase directly attacks the clotshttp:/www.usc.edu/hsc/info/pr/hmm/01summer/slimy.html http:/ of Action,Cancer Treatment One study isolated a component in cobra venom that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis Used in the treatment of breast cancer Another study l

16、ooked at a component of venom called contortostatin Inhibits cancer cells from moving through blood vessel walls, leading to fewer metastaseshttp:/www.pps.org.pk/PJP/3-1/07%20DMShaikh.pdf http:/www.usc.edu/hsc/info/pr/hmm/01summer/slimy.html,Body Clearance,The way in which the body clears or neutral

17、izes venom is still not fully understood A recent study was done looking at the effects of antivenin (Fab/Fab2) on the process of absorption and elimination in rabbits They found the venom rapidly disappeared from the injection site, but was slow to reach the vascular system, suggesting that its par

18、tially absorbed in lymphatic circulationFab2 with antivenin elimination is slower than that of free venom with antivenin It suggests Fab2 is eliminated by phagocytosishttp:/jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/285/2/490, Effects,Respitory paralysis Fever Rapid Pulse Increased Thirst Dizziness Loc

19、al Tissue Damage Blurred vision Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Coma Deathhttp:/ Study # 1,41 year old male Bitten on left third finger by Gaboon Viper Necrosis and Blanching noticed upon arrival to ER Numbness and edema were also present to hand Prothrombin time was 15.53 (normal range 11.0-13.0) Inte

20、rnational normal ratio 1.2 There was moderate leucocytosis and normal platelets The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics, diphenhydramine, hydrocortisone, and five 10ml vials of South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR) antivenin. Over next eight hours the patient developed lym

21、phangitis of the left arm. The patients lymphangitis later resolved but he later required amputation of his left third finger. . Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia, USA http:/ Study #2,24 year old male zoo employee Bitten on hand while changing

22、Gaboon Vipers water Noticed local Pain and nausea upon arrival to emergency room Finger was oozing blood from the site of the bite He was unable to move digits 1 through 4. Dorsal Compartment pressure of the hand was greater than 40mm Hg Prothrombin time was 26.7 sec INR was 2.67 The patient was tre

23、ated with intravenous antibiotics, diphenhydramine, hydrocortisone, and twelve 10ml vials of South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR) antivenin. He also required local debridement and dorsal fasciotomyPost-operatively his right hand compartment pressure and neurovascular status normalized

24、. He underwent two subsequent debridements and was discharged with outpatient physical therapy http:/ people are going to keeps venomous snakes as pets a safety plan should always be put in effect to minimize effects upon envenomation. There are many benefits of snake venom including: Blood clot thi

25、nner Cancer Treatment Eradicating pest Remedy Joint pain such as Arthritis Venom is 90% protein, there are 3 types of venomous snakes: Neurotoxic Hemotoxic Cytotoxic http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes http:/library.thinkquest.org/CR0214503/benefits%20of%20snakes%20page.html,Antivenin is made by inje

26、cting horses with toxins from venomous snakes and then monitored to make sure they survive. Then after the horse builds up an immunity the blood is extracted and processed into antiveninhttp:/ End,References,Abraham, Sathya. “Toxic Snake Venom to Fight Human Disease.“ http:/www.news.vcu.edu/vcu_view

27、/pages.aspx?nid=1732 Clinical Toxicology(2007) 45, 60-64 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia, USA http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_venom http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes http:/library.thinkquest.org/CR0214503/benefits%20of%20snakes%20page.htm

28、l http:/jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/285/2/490 http:/ http:/ http:/ Levy, Paul. “Venomous Snake Goodness: An Analysis of Snake Venom Toxicity.“ http:/jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses03/PapersCostaRicaArticles/VenomousSnakeGoodn ess.AnA.html McDowall, Jennifer. “Snake Venom: Bungaroto

29、xins.“ http:/www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_ 6/Page1.htm Nalik, Jon. “The Good, the Bad, and the Slimy.“ http:/www.usc.edu/hsc/info/pr/hmm/01summer/slimy.html R. Zug and Carl H. Ernst and Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine and www.TheSnake.org; http:/ Shaikh, Din Muhammad and Rukhsana Jokhio. “The Potential of the Crude Snake Venom in Treatment of Human Breast Cancer with and without Combination of Anticancer Drugs.“ http:/www.pps.org.pk/PJP/3-1/07%20DMShaikh.pdf,