Data Science.ppt

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1、Data Science,Topics,databases and data architectures databases in the real world scaling, data quality, distributed machine learning/data mining/statistics information retrieval,Data Science is currently a popular interest of employers our Industrial Affiliates Partners say there is high demand for

2、students trained in Data Science databases, warehousing, data architectures data analytics statistics, machine learning Big Data gigabytes/day or more Examples: Walmart, cable companies (ads linked to content, viewer trends), airlines/Orbitz, HMOs, call centers, Twitter (500M tweets/day), traffic su

3、rveillance cameras, detecting fraud, identity theft. supports “Business Intelligence” quantitative decision-making and control finance, inventory, pricing/marketing, advertising need data for identifying risks, opportunities, conducting “what-if” analyses,Data Architectures,traditional databases (CS

4、CE 310/608) tables, fields tuples = records or rows key = field with unique values can be used as a reference from one table into another important for avoiding redundancy (normalization), which risks inconsistency join combining 2 tables using a key metadata data about the data names of the fields,

5、 types (string, int, real, mpeg.) also things like source, date, size, completeness/sampling,Instructors:,TeachingAssignments:,Courses:,SQL: Structured Query Language SELECT Name,HomeTown FROM Instructors WHERE PhDSELECT Course,Title FROM Courses ORDER BY Course; CSCE 121 Introduction to Computing i

6、n C+ CSCE 206 Programming in C CSCE 314 Programming Languages CSCE 411 Design and Analysis of Algorithmscan also compute sums, counts, means, etc.example of JOIN: find all courses taught by someone from CMU:SELECT TeachingAssignments.Course FROM Instructors JOIN TeachingAssignmentsON Instructors.Nam

7、e=TeachingAssigmnents.Name WHERE Instructor.PhD=“Carnegie Mellon” CSCE 314 CSCE 206 because they were both taught by Bill Jones,SQL servers centralized database, required for concurrent access by multiple users ODBC: Open DataBase Connectivity protocol to connect to servers and do queries, updates f

8、rom languages like Java, C, Python Oracle, IBM DB2 - industrial strength SQL databases,some efficiency issues with real databases indexing how to efficiently find all songs written by Paul Simon in a database with 10,000,000 entries? data structures for representing sorted order on fields disk manag

9、ement databases are often too big to fit in RAM, leave most of it on disk and swap in blocks of records as needed could be slow concurrency transaction semantics: either all updates happen en batch or none (commit or rollback) like delete one record and simultaneously add another but guarantee not t

10、o leave in an inconsistent state other users might be blocked till done query optimization the order in which you JOIN tables can drastically affect the size of the intermediate tables,Unstructured data raw text documents, digital libraries grep, substring indexing, regular expressions like find all

11、 instances of “aAg+ies” including “agggggies” Information Retrieval (CSCE 470) look for synonyms, similar words (like “car” and “auto”) tfIdf (term frequency/inverse doc frequency) weighting for important words LSI (latent semantic indexing) e.g. dogs is similar to canines because they are used simi

12、larly (both near bark and bite) Natural Language parsing extracting requirements from jobs postings,Unstructured data images, video (BLOBs=binary large objects) how to extract features? index them? search them? color histograms convolutions/transforms for pattern matching looking for ICBM missiles i

13、n aerial photos of Cuba streams sports ticker, radio, stock quotes. XML files with tags indicating field namesCSCE 411Design and Analysis of Algorithms,Object databases,CHEM 102 Intro to Chemistry TR, 3:00-4:00 prereq: CHEM 101,Texas A&M College Station, TX Div 1A 53,299 students,Dr. Frank Smith 302

14、 Miller St. PhD, Cornell 13 years experience,ClassOfferedAt,TaughtBy,Instructor/Employee,In a database with millions of objects, how do you efficiently do queries (i.e. follow pointers) and retrieve information?,Real-world issues with databases its all about scaling up to many records (and many user

15、s) data warehousing: full database is stored in secure, off-site location slices, snapshots, or views are put on interactive query servers for fast user access (“staging”) might be processed or summarized data databases are often distributed different parts of the data held in different sites some q

16、ueries are local, others are “corporate-wide” how to do distributed queries? how to keep the databases synchronized? CSCE 438 Distributed Object Programming,OLAP: OnLine Analytical Processing,data warehouse: every transactionever recorded,OLAP server,nightly updates and summaries,http:/ library/ms17

17、4587.aspx,multi-dimensional tables of aggregated sales in different regions in recent quarters, rather than “every transaction” users can still look at seasonal or geographic trends in different product categories project data onto 2D spreadsheets, graphs,data integrity missing values how to interpr

18、et? not available? 0? use the mean? duplicated values including partial matches (Jon Smith=John Smith?) inconsistency: multiple addresses for person out-of-date data inconsistent usage: does “destination” mean of first leg or whole flight? outliers: salaries that are negative, or in the trillions mo

19、st database allow “integrity constraints” to be defined that validate newly entered data,Interoperability how can data from one database be compared or combined with another? what if fields are not the same, or not present, or used differently? think of medical or insurance records translation/mappi

20、ng of terms standards units like ft/s, or gallons, etc. identifiers like SSN, UIN, ISBN “federated” databases queries that combine information across multiple servers,“Data cleansing” filling in missing data (imputing values) detecting and removing outliers smoothing removing noise by averaging valu

21、es together filtering, sampling keeping only selected representative values feature extraction e.g. in a photo database, which people are wearing glasses? which have more than one person? which are outdoors?,Data Mining/Data Analytics,finding patterns in the data statistics machine learning (CSCE 63

22、3),Numerical data correlations multivariate regression fitting “models” predictive equations that fit the data from a real estate database of home sales, we get housing price = 100*SqFt - 6*DistanceToSchools + 0.1*AverageOfNeighborhood ANOVA for testing differences between groups R is one of the mos

23、t commonly used software packages for doing statistical analysis can load a data table, calculate means and correlations, fit distributions, estimate parameters, test hypotheses, generate graphs and histograms,clustering similar photos, documents, cases discovery of “structure” in the data example:

24、accident database some clusters might be identified with “accidents involving a tractor trailer” or “accidents at night” top-down vs. bottom-up clustering methods granularity: how many clusters?,decision trees (classifiers) what factors, decisions, or treatments led to different outcomes? recursive

25、partitioning algorithms related methods “discriminant” analysis what factors lead to return of product? extract “association rules” boxers dogs tend to have congenital defects covers 5% of patients with 80% confidence,Veterinary database - dogs treated for disease,other types of data time series and

26、 forecasting: model the price of gas using autoregression a function of recent prices, demand, geopolitics. de-trend: factor out seasonal trends GIS (geographic information systems) longitude/latitude coordinates in the database objects: city/state boundaries, river locations, roads find regions in B/CS with an excess of coffee shops,from: Basic Statistics for Business and Economics, Lind et al (2009), Ch 16.,Toy Sales,credit: Frank Curriero,