ASTM C170C170M-17 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone.pdf

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1、Designation: C170/C170M 17Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C170/C170M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparation

3、 ofspecimens, and determination of the compressive strength ofdimension stone.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the

4、other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practi

5、ces and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and

6、Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of CylindricalConcrete SpecimensC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC1799 Guide to Dimension Stone Test Speci

7、men Samplingand PreparationD4543 Practices for Preparing Rock Core as Cylindrical TestSpecimens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensionaland Shape TolerancesD7012 Test Methods for Compressive Strength and ElasticModuli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under VaryingStates of Stress and TemperaturesE4 Pra

8、ctices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with Ter-minology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences incompressive strength between the various dimension stones.This test method also

9、 provides one element in comparingstones of the same type.5. Apparatus5.1 The testing machine used shall conform to the require-ments of Test Method C39, Section 5, including the calibrationrequirements of Practices E4.5.2 The testing machine used shall be capable of applyingthe required load at a u

10、niform rate as prescribed in Section 9and applying load in a steady manner as to avoid sudden orrapid load changes.5.3 The spherical bearing block of the testing machine shallbe suspended from the upper head so that the contact plateremains in a central position (spherical surfaces in full contact)w

11、hen not loaded. The spherical surfaces shall be welllubricated, and the center of curvature shall be aligned withinthe surface of contact with the specimen.5.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the correct alignment of a specimen andthe typical components of a testing machine conforming tothese requirements.6. Sam

12、pling6.1 The sample shall be selected to represent a true averageof the type or grade of stone under consideration and shall beof the quality supplied to the market in finished form under thetype designation to be tested. The samples may be selected bythe purchaser or his authorized representative f

13、rom quarriedstone or taken from the natural ledge and shall be of adequatesize to permit the preparation of the desired number of test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on TestMethods.Current edi

14、tion approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C170/C170M16.DOI: 10.1520/C0170_C0170M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book

15、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recogniz

16、ed principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1specimens. When perceptible variations occur, the purchasermay sele

17、ct as many samples as are necessary to determine thevariation in compressive strength.6.2 Compressive strength testing of specimens in more thantwo orientations with respect to splitting, including: rift (planeof easiest splitting), grain (plane of next easiest splitting), andhead grain (plane of ha

18、rdest splitting) can be desired for somestone types. Depending on the stone type and application,testing of additional orientations may be appropriate. Anadditional ten samples are necessary for testing each additionalorientation in both wet and dry conditions (five for wet and fivefor dry). The req

19、uired number of specimens shall be preparedwith the load-bearing surface for each of these orientationsproperly labeled for testing.NOTE 1Refer to Guide C1799 for additional information on selecting,preparing, and conditioning test specimens.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens may be cubes or ri

20、ght cylinders andshall be cut from the sample with saws or core drills. Thediameter or lateral dimension (distance between oppositevertical surfaces) shall be not less than 2 in. 50 mmdimensional to accommodate variations in the grain size orcomposition of the sample (Explanatory Note 1).7.2 The rat

21、io of height (the distance between the surfaces incontact with the testing apparatus) to the diameter or lateraldimension shall be between 0.9:1.0 and 1.1:1.0 (ExplanatoryNote 2).7.3 The sides of the specimen shall be smooth and straightto within 0.02 in. 0.5 mm over the full height of the specimen.

22、7.4 The two load bearing surfaces in contact with the testingapparatus shall have a fine abrasive finish, and the othersurfaces shall have a fine sawn finish. They shall be finished bygrinding to as nearly true and parallel planes as practicable(Explanatory Note 3). The surfaces in contact with the

23、testingapparatus shall be ground or lapped to a flatness tolerance ofplus or minus 0.005 in. 0.1 mm, and shall not depart fromperpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen by morethan 0.25 deg. (Explanatory Note 4).7.5 At least five specimens shall be prepared for each testcondition. Final

24、test conditions are determined by the projectconditions and specified with the testing request. Typically,testing includes wet and dry conditions both perpendicular andparallel to the stone rift (plane of easiest splitting, typicallyconsistent with the bedding plane orientation), requiring aminimum

25、of 20 specimens. Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b illustrate theproper placement of test specimens within a testing apparatusfor the two most common rift orientations.7.6 The load-bearing surfaces and the direction of rift shallbe marked on each specimen.7.7 Use of capping materials or end surfacing treatmentsot

26、her than grinding shall not be permitted.8. Conditioning8.1 Before testing the specimens in a dry condition, drythem for at least 48 h at 140 6 4F 60 6 2C. At the 46th,47th, and 48th h, weigh the specimens to ensure that the weightis the same. If the weight continues to drop, continue to dry thespec

27、imens until there are 3 successive hourly readings with thesame weight. After removing the specimens from the oven,cool them to room temperature in a desiccator before testingthem.8.2 Before testing the specimens in a wet condition, im-merse them in water for at least 48 h at 72 6 4F 22 6 2C.FIG. 1

28、Diagram of a Specimen Properly Aligned within a TestingApparatus Suitable for Compressive Strength Testing(a) Loading Perpendicular to Bedding Plane or Rift (b) Loading Parallel to Bedding Plane or RiftFIG. 2 Orientation of Specimen in a Testing Apparatus with Respect to Bedding Plane or RiftC170/C1

29、70M 172Test them immediately upon removal from the bath, wiping thespecimens free of surface water.9. Procedure9.1 The load-bearing area of each specimen shall be calcu-lated from measurements taken midway between the surfacesin contact with the testing apparatus and calculated to thenearest 0.1 in.

30、260 mm2. An alternate approach for determin-ing the load-bearing area is to calculate the areas of the top andbottom bearing surfaces to the nearest 0.1 in.260 mm2 andaverage these values.9.2 Center the specimens in the testing machine and applyan initial seating load that will hold the specimen in

31、place butstill permit hand adjustment of the contact plate on thespecimen. Rotate the contact plate back and forth through anangle of approximately 30 deg. to properly seat the sphericalblock, but do not move the specimen out of the central position.9.3 Apply load at a uniform rate not exceeding 100

32、 psi/s0.5 MPa/s.9.4 Apply the load until specimen failure. Failure of thespecimen is defined as the inability of the specimen to resistadditional load.9.5 Record the load at failure to the nearest 100 lb 500 N.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the compressive strength of each specimenas follows:C 5 W/A

33、(1)where:C = compressive strength of the specimen, psi MPaW = total load, lbf N, on the specimen at failure, andA = calculated area of the bearing surface in in.2mm2.10.2 Report each individual result to three significant digits.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Date,11.1.

34、2 Testing agency,11.1.3 Personnel responsible for the test results,11.1.4 Description of the testing equipment or apparatusused,11.1.5 Identification of the samples, including name andlocation of the quarry, name or position of the ledge, date whensample was taken and trade name or grade of stone,11

35、.1.6 Stone type,11.1.7 Specimen dimensions,11.1.8 Stone specimen orientations tested,11.1.9 Conditioning procedures used,11.1.9.1 Amount of time the specimens were dried,11.1.9.2 Amount of time the specimens were immersed,11.1.10 Individual test results for each specimen,11.1.11 Average value of the

36、 test results for each testcondition (wet, dry, perpendicular to rift, parallel to rift, etc.)using the following equation:Cav5sum of individual test results for each test condition! (2)number of tests for each test condition!11.1.12 Standard deviation(s) of the test results for each testcondition u

37、sing the following relation:S 5 sum of test result 2 Cav!2 (3)number of test 2 1!#1211.1.13 Statements describing deviations from the above-described testing procedures, as well as any variance from thetest specimen dimensional and preparatory requirements.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Individual varia

38、tions in a natural product may result indeviation from accepted values. A precision section will beadded when sufficient data are available to indicate acceptabletolerances in repeatability and reproducibility.13. Keywords13.1 compressive strength; dimension stone; stone; testEXPLANATORY NOTESNOTE 1

39、For very coarse-grain materials like some of the granites, thediameter of the specimen should not be less than 2.5 in. 65 mm.NOTE 2The compressive strength of dimension stone has historicallybeen determined on cube specimens with a height to lateral dimensionproportion 1:1. This specimen shape diffe

40、rs from the standard shapespecimens for determination of compressive strength of rock specimensrequired by Test Method D7012. Variation from the required cubespecimen, dimensions, and height of lateral dimension proportions of 1:1has been found to result in significant variations in compressive stre

41、ngthvalues. Comparison with compressive strength of rock specimens deter-mined by Test Method D7012 requires the use of correction factors. Forconsistency with historical compressive strength values determined byC170/C170M and industry practices, this standard does not allow fordeviation from the re

42、quired specimen shape and dimensions.NOTE 3Accuracy of test results depends largely on uniform distribu-tion of the load over the bearing faces. In order to grind the surfaces toreasonably true planes, considerable care is necessary. the followingprocedure is suggested: Assuming that the specimen is

43、 a cube or cylinderand the load is to be applied to the ends; mark two adjacent sides forreference, then grind the ends on a grinding wheel or lap until they areperpendicular to these reference sides as gaged by a machinist square.Complete the grinding by rubbing the ends on a smooth machine-planeds

44、urface of a cast iron plate with No. 80 emery and water. The specimenshould be grasped as near the surface of the plate as possible to preventrocking of the specimen. A satisfactory mechanical means of finishing thebearing surfaces of the specimens is to place them in a chuck in a lathe andsurface t

45、he ends with a tool post grinder. This grinder consists of a smallmotor and arbor carrying an abrasive wheel which turns at about 5000r/min. A three-point chuck is used to permit the surfacing of cylindrical,square prism, or cubical specimens. When the square-type specimen isused it will be necessar

46、y to place a small piece of notched metal betweenthe specimen and one chuck point. This causes the specimen to be placedsomewhat off-center but does not interfere with the surfacing process. Thesurface can be tested for flatness by holding a straightedge on the surfaceand viewing it before a strong

47、light. Specimens finished in this waycommonly give considerably higher test results than specimens preparedby hand.NOTE 4Prepared specimens should meet the required tolerances fortesting. Deviation from these tolerances can have a measurable impact onthe test results and produce values that under or

48、 over-estimate theC170/C170M 173compressive strength of the stone. For procedures helpful in verifying tolerances are being met, refer to Practices D4543.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.

49、Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv