ASTM F1633 - 97(2008) Standard Guide for Techniques in Land Search (Withdrawn 2017).pdf
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1、Designation: F1633 97 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forTechniques in Land Search1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1633; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies and describes techniques that maybe used by individuals or agencies when searching for persons,property, or evidence on land.
3、 The application of one or moreof these techniques to any particular land search will dependupon the individual circumstances of the search and thejudgment of the person responsible for conducting the search.1.2 This guide assists individuals and agencies by providinga list of techniques for their c
4、onsideration during a land searchand by providing a brief description of the application of thetechnique to land search. Some advantages and disadvantages,as well as the most common uses of the techniques, arediscussed in the guide. The guide does not, however, purport todiscuss all aspects of condu
5、cting a land search.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
6、 use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard:2F1767 Guide for Forms Used for Search and Rescue3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 attraction, nto get the attention of lost, missing, orstranded subject(s) by sound or visual methods, or both, forexample, whistle, light, smoke.3.1.2 clue awareness, nt
7、o be aware of evidence left by asubject(s) which may help to ascertain their location ordirection of travel, or both.3.1.3 confinement, nthe act of limiting the growth of thepotential search area by minimizing the ability of the subject(s)leaving the search area undetected.3.1.4 electronic search, n
8、technique(s) using electronicsystems or devices to locate a subject(s) or evidence, or both.3.1.5 hasty search, vto send a fast moving, well-trainedcrew(s) of searchers to quickly check selected high probabilityarea(s).3.1.6 investigation, nthe systematic collection and analy-sis of information abou
9、t the lost or missing subject(s) byinterviewing (interrogation) or reviewing records or evidence,or both.3.1.7 line search, vto use searchers in a linear pattern(s) atspecified intervals, to investigate a defined search segment.3.1.8 probability of area (POA), nthe probability of asubject or clue be
10、ing in the area or segment being searched.3.1.9 probability of detection (POD), nthe probability thatthe subject or clue will be detected by the search action if thesubject or clue is in the search area.3.1.10 search dog, ncanine trained in techniques to locatea subject(s) or evidence, or both.3.1.1
11、1 search dog crew(s), ncanine and their handler(s)trained in search techniques to locate a subject(s) or evidence,or both.3.1.12 segment (search area), na geographic unit withinthe search area established for the purpose of effective andefficient assignment of search resources.3.1.13 segmentation, n
12、the process of partitioning thesearch area into segments.3.1.14 segmentation, binary, nto reduce the size of asearch area through subdivision into increasingly smallersegments.3.1.15 tracking, vto follow a subject(s) footprint(s),track(s), or sign through varying types of terrain.3.2 Definitions of
13、Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 breakage, na physical rupture of material or thesurface of material, such as frequently seen when vegetation iscrushed or bent by external forces such as the passage ofsubjects.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and i
14、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1633 97(2003).DOI: 10.1520/F1633-97R08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
16、tatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information13.2.2 bruising, nchanges in the subsurface of vegetationwhich generally leaves the surface intact but noticeably differ-ent and is the
17、 result of vegetation being crushed or squeezed byexternal forces such as the passage of a subject(s).3.2.3 color change, nchanges in tone or contrast of asurface as a result of a disturbance which causes the disturbedarea to appear different from the surroundings. An example ofsuch a change would b
18、e the turning up of sub-soil with moremoisture than the drier surface soil, thereby creating a darkerpattern in the disturbed area. See also shine.3.2.4 disturbance, nevidence of recent change,displacement, or rearrangement such as dislodged rocks,pebbles, twigs, or bruised leaves. Other evidence co
19、uld includebreaks in branches, twigs, or bruised leaves at or above theground.3.2.5 flattening, nwhen pebbles, twigs, and other objectsare pushed below their natural bed, indicating that somethingvery hard such as a sole or hoof of an animal has stepped onthem.3.2.6 scuff, na disturbance caused by t
20、he dragging of afoot on a surface such as is evidenced by the displacement ofa lichen on a rock.3.2.7 shine, nan apparent color change in the reflection oflight from surfaces as a result of disturbance to the area.Frequently seen as dew laden grass that has had the moistureknocked from it as a subje
21、ct walks through it or as flattenedgrass from foot pressure. This is most easily seen fromdistances between 5 and 10 m.3.2.8 sign, nany evidence of external forces acting uponthe environment. Emphasis is placed on sign that indicates thepassage of the subject(s) being sought. Examples include a sole
22、pattern imbedded in the soil as a sign that a person or shoeshave been there.3.3 Terminology not defined in this guide but referenced inthe text can be found in ICS 420,3Managing the SearchFunction,4and in Search is an Emergency.54. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide presents the land search manager wit
23、h a briefsynopsis of various land search techniques that have beenshown to be effective in locating missing subjects or evidence.Some known strengths and weaknesses are discussed to assistthe land search manager in selecting the most appropriate set oftechniques for the incident at hand.4.2 Much of
24、the information in the guide comes fromclassroom materials available through the NationalAssociationfor Search and Rescue Managing the Search Function4Courseand from the Emergency Response Institutes classroom textSearch is an Emergency.55. Significance and Use5.1 Lost persons are at risk of injury
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