职称英语卫生类A级真题2003年及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 A 级真题 2003 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选择(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The union representative put across her argument very effectively. （分数：1.00）A.inventedB.explainedC.consideredD.accepted2.He talks tough but has a tender heart. （分数：1.00）A.heavyB.strongC.wildD.kind3.It is no use debating

2、the relative merits of this policy. （分数：1.00）A.makingB.takingC.expectingD.discussing4.Our statistics show that we consume all that we are capable of producing. （分数：1.00）A.wasteB.buyC.sellD.use5.The fuel tanks had a capacity of 140 liters. （分数：1.00）A.functionB.abilityC.volumeD.power6.Our lives are in

3、timately bound up with theirs. （分数：1.00）A.tenselyB.nearlyC.closelyD.carefully7.Her faith upheld her in times of sadness. （分数：1.00）A.excitedB.supportedC.inspiredD.directed8.The book provides a concise analysis of the countrys history. （分数：1.00）A.cleanB.perfectC.briefD.real9It is laid down in the regu

4、lations that all members must carry their membership cards at all times. （分数：1.00）A.suggestedB.warnedC.confirmedD.stated10.The council meeting terminated at 2 oclock. （分数：1.00）A.beganB.continuedC.resumedD.ended11.A red flag was placed there as a token of danger. （分数：1.00）A.substituteB.signC.proofD.t

5、arget12.However bad the situation is , the majority is unwilling to risk change. （分数：1.00）A.eagerB.reluctantC.pleasedD.angry13.It has been said that the Acts provided a new course of action and did not merely regulate or enlarge an old one. （分数：1.00）A.controlB.limitC.replaceD.offset14.The secretary

6、is expected to explore ideas for post-war reconstruction of the area. （分数：1.00）A.investigateB.denyC.stressD.create15.The steadily rising cost of labor on the waterfront has greatly increased the cost of shipping cargo by water. （分数：1.00）A.suddenlyB.graduallyC.excessivelyD.exceptionally二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(

7、总题数：1，分数：7.00)Using HIV Virus to Cure Cancer Scientists are planning to use human immunodeficiency(免疫缺陷)virus(HIV), one of mankinds most feared viruses, as a carrier of genes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured. The experts say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avo

8、id the bodys immune(免疫的)defenses, making it ideal for carrying replacement genes into patients bodies, according to the Observer. A team at the California-based Salk Institute, one of the worlds leading research centers on biological sciences, has created a special new breed of HIV and has started n

9、egotiations with the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to begin clinical gene therapy(治疗) trials this year. The first trials are expected to involve patients suffering from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would have” far

10、wider applications”. The plan remains very likely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a virus which has caused more than 22 million deaths around the world in the past two decades. Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose was “shocking” but the fierce nature of

11、 HIV had disappeared by having all six of the potentially deadly genes removed. Illnesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patients body fails to work properly. In the past two years, breakthroughs in genetics(遗传学)have led gene therapy scientists to try and replace the genes that

12、do not function normally. Unfortunately, the bodys immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier. The HIV virus has the ability to escape from

13、, and then destroy, the immune defense cells designed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way of secretly conveying replacement genes into patients bodies. （分数：7.00）(1).FDA has approved the plan of using HIV to cure cancer in humans. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not men

14、tioned(2).The idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose has been widely accepted. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).HIV can be safely used to cure cancer only if the deadly genes have been removed. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The HIV virus is an excellent warrior to fight the

15、bodys immune cells. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5). Other countries are also expected to begin clinical gene therapy trials soon. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6). It is the lack of money that has held up the progress in using replacement genes to cure cancer. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.W

16、rongC.Not mentioned(7).The HIV virus has caused more deaths in developed countries. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Exercising Your Memory 1 Aging does not mean a dramatic decline in memory power, unless you help it help by letting your mind go. 2 Thats not to

17、say that memory doesnt change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term (less than one minute; remembering a telephone number while you dial, for instance), long-term (over a period of years

18、) and very long-term memory (over a lifetime). 3 Short-term memory isnt mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes through life. Its not until the early teens that most people develop a mature long-term memory.

19、4 First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生锈的，迟钝的) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their long-term memory abilities (at least long-term enough to get them through a final exam), u

20、sually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning skills. Its no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills throughout life. 5 Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when yo

21、unger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active - reading, discussing, taking classes, thinking - and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps

22、 your memory to function at full capacity. 6 The next part of a healthy long-term memory is retention（保持力，记忆力）, the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are lost - whether they still exist in the brain nut our mental searching cannot turn them

23、 up, or have disappeared entirely as our brain ages. 7 The third necessity for memory is recall, the ability to mind the memories we have stored. Again, while aging has widely different effects on the recall abilities of different people, research indicates that the older we get, the longer it takes

24、 to recall facts. But slower recall is still recall. In fact, aging does not seem to have any effect on forgetting at all, which takes place at the same rate in younger and older people. 23. Paragraph 3_ 24. Paragraph 4 _ 25. Paragraph 5_ 26. Paragraph 6 _ A. Effects of aging on a persons recall abi

25、lity B. short-term memory versus long-term memory C. retention as the second necessity for memory D. like between learning strategies and effective memory skills E. Significance of exercising your muscles F. importance of staying intellectually active 27. Retention refers to _. 28. The rate of forge

26、tting is the same _. 29. Remembering something all your life _. 30. Exercising your brain every day is beneficial _. A. to the proper function of your memory B. is called long-term memory C. the capacity to store what you have learned D. belongs to every long-term memory E. the ability to remain men

27、tally healthy F. for younger and older people （分数：8.00）A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：45.00)第一篇 First Aid First aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available. It may sa

28、ve a life or improve certain vital signs including pulse, temperature, a clear airway(气道),and breathing. In minor emergencies, first aid may prevent a victims condition from turning worse and provide relief from pain. First aid must be administered as quickly as possible. In the case of the critical

29、ly injured, a few minutes can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life. First-aid measures depend upon a victims needs and the providers level of knowledge and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. Improperly moving a person with a

30、 neck injury, for example, can lead to permanent spinal(脊柱的) injury and paralysis(瘫痪). Despite the variety of injuries possible, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies. The first step is to call for professional medical help. The victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medic

31、al aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. Next, assess the scene, asking other people or the injured persons family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have already been given, and preexisting conditions such as diabetes(糖尿病) or he

32、art trouble. The victim should be checked for a medical bracelet(手镯) or card that describes special medical conditions. Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or card that describes special medical conditions. Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not

33、 move the victim. First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist. One method for evaluating a victims condition is known by the acronym(首字母缩写词) ABC, which stands for: A- Airway: is it open and clear? B- Breathing: is the person breathing? Look,

34、listen, and feel for breathing. C- Circulation: is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding externally? Check skin color and temperature for additional indications of circulation problems. （分数：15.00）(1).First aid may bring about all the following results EXPECT （分数：3.00）A.saving a victims life.B.preven

35、ting a victims condition from getting worse.C.relieving a victim from pain.D.helping a person avoid sudden illness or injury.(2).Before we administer first aid to a victim, it is very important for us （分数：3.00）A.to make sure what to do and what not to do.B.to refer to all kinds of handbooks on first

36、 aid.C.to remove the ring or bracelet he may be wearing.D.to take him to a hospital at once.(3).In administering first aid to a victim, you should first of all （分数：3.00）A.remove him from the accident scene.B.turn him over.C.call for professional medical help.D.examine him carefully.(4).You may asses

37、s a victims condition by all the following EXPECT （分数：3.00）A.checking whether there is a pulse.B.looking ,listening and feeling for breathing.C.replacing his medical bracelet or card.D.examining whether the airway is open and clear.(5).The purpose of the passage is to tell the reader （分数：3.00）A.the

38、importance of protecting the accident scene.B.some basic facts about first aid.C.what professional medical help is.D.who can administer first aid.第二篇 Stress at Work and Still Healthy The term could yet become the word of the year; stress is on everyones lips these days and everywhere. Not only manag

39、ers, officials and teachers are complaining nowadays, housewives, children and pensioners now also have their own problems. They too sacrifice themselves for others, feel under-or overworked and quickly lose their inner balance. Irritation, tiredness and exhaustion quickly follow. But that is only t

40、he negative aspect. Stress, after all, is also linked to positive terms such as joy of life, tension and vitality(活力). “Firstly, stress is healthy,” says Wolfgang Stehling from Eltvelle. The doctor and management consultant says:” It occurs when the body loses its inner balance, but then stress horm

41、ones are produced to re-establish the balance.” Thus stress is nothing more than a positive reaction of the body to pressure. It is unavoidable as part of our nature: ”There is no such thing as a stress-free life.” But whether stress leads to tensions in the mind or to tenseness of the muscles depen

42、ds on the duration（持续时间）, its cause or causes and the sufferers personal situation. People who have trouble sleeping or suffer from bad moods or simply the flu will not be on top of the world and will take every little strife as negative stress. Others, people who feel refreshed at every new turn, a

43、re relaxed and successful, will view a difficult round of negotiations or competition at work more as a positive challenge than a cross to bear. Exercise, healthy eating and relaxing are thus the three pillars by which stress can be conquered almost every time. These factors form a unit, explains Ma

44、rita Voelker-Albert, spokeswoman for the governments Nutrition Advice Center in Cologne. Its campaign “Gut Drauf” (Feeling Good) is targeted at young people. The government agencys research suggests that three out of four adolescents feel tired, overtaxed(负担过重)and under stress. Eating disorders and

45、complaints such as migraines(偏头痛)and indigestion(消化不良),nervousness and concentration problems have increased among 12- to 16-year-olds. But even the best solutions dont work if they are not put into practice, says Stehling. Anybody who goes jogging regularly, practices yoga(瑜伽功)and prescribes good l

46、iterature as a cure for negative stress, may well end up under more pressure as he tries to find the time for it all. Sometimes, says the consultant, it helps to take time out to reduce stress levels over a weekend. （分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT a correct view on stress? （分数：3.00）A.Str

47、ess has both positive and negative aspects.B.Stress is only a positive reaction of the body to pressure.C.Stress only leads to serious problems.D.Stress is unavoidable as part of our nature.(2).A person who has lost his inner balance may soon feel （分数：3.00）A.fit and healthy.B.under-or overworked.C.r

48、elaxed and happy.D.irritated, tired and exhausted.(3). Who will easily take every little strife as negative stress? （分数：3.00）A.Those who suffer from the flu.B.Those who are in good moods.C.Those who are successful.D.Those who feel refreshed at every new turn.(4).All the following complaints are said

49、 to have increased among children aged 12 to 16 EXPECT （分数：3.00）A.painful headache.B.indigestion.C.nervousness and concentration problems.D.loss of memory.(5). Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible cure for negative stress? （分数：3.00）A.Reading good literature.B.Practicing yoga.C.Having a healthy diet.D.Working overtime.第三篇 Is the News Believable? Unless you have gone through the experience yourself, or watched a loved ones struggle, you really have no idea just how