上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟高级阅读(五)及答案解析.doc

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1、上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟高级阅读(五)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、SECTION 1 READING TE(总题数：4，分数：50.00)Years ago, when I first started building websites for newspapers, many journalists told me that they saw the Internet as the end of reliable journalism. Since anyone could publish whatever they wanted online, “r

2、eal journalism“ would be overwhelmed, they said. Who would need professional reporters and editors if anyone could be a reporter or an editor? I would tell them not to worry. While my personal belief is that anyone can be a reporter or editor, I also know that quality counts. And that the “viral“ na

3、ture of the Internet means that when people find quality, they let other people know about it. Even nontraditional media sites online will survive only if the quality of their information is trusted. The future of online news will demand more good reporters and editors, not fewer. So I was intrigued

4、 when Newsweek recently published a story called “Revenge of the Expert“. It argued that expertise would be the main component of “Web 3.0“. “The wisdom of the crowds has peaked,“ says Jason Calacanis, founder of the Maholo “people-powered search engine“ and a former AOL executive. “Web 3.0 is takin

5、g what we“ve built in Web 2.0the wisdom of the crowdsand putting an editorial layer on it of truly talented, compensated people to make the product more trusted and refined.“ Well, yes and no. Sure, it is important for people to trust the information they find online. And as the Newsweek article arg

6、ues, the need for people to find trusted information online is increasing, thus the need for more expertise. But the article fails to mention the most important feature of the world of digital information. It“s not expertiseit“s choice. In many cases the sites that people come to trust are built on

7、nontraditional models of expertise. Look at sites like D, R, or S. There, users provide the expertise on which others depend. When many users select a particular story, that story accumulates votes of confidence, which often lead other users to choose that story. The choices of the accumulated commu

8、nity are seen as more trustworthy than the “gatekeeper“ model of traditional news and information. Sometimes such sites highlight great reporting from traditional media. But often they bring forward bits of important information that are ignored (or missed) by “experts“. It“s sort of the “open sourc

9、e“ idea of informationa million eyes looking on the Web for information is better than a few. Jay Rosen, who writes the PressThink blog, says in an e-mail that he“s seen this kind of story before, calling it a “kind of pathetic“ trend reporting. “I said in 2006, when starting NewAssignment. Net, tha

10、t the strongest editorial combinations will be pro-am. I still think that. Why? Because for most reporters covering a big sprawling beat, it“s still true what Dan Gillmor said: “My readers know more than I do.“ And it“s still the case that tapping into that knowledge is becoming more practical becau

11、se of the Internet.“ J. D. Lasica, a social-media strategist and former editor, also says he sees no departure from the “wisdom of the crowds“ model. “I“ve seen very little evidence that the sweeping cultural shifts we“ve seen in the past half dozen years show any signs of retreating,“ Mr. Lasica sa

12、ys. “Young people now rely on social networks . to take cues from their friends on which movies to see, books to read. And didn“t “Lonely Planet Guide“ explore this terrain for travel and Zagat“s for dining back in the “90s?“ In many cases, traditional media is still the first choice of online users

13、 because the reporters and editors of these media outlets have created a level of trust for many peoplebut not for everyone. When you combine the idea of expertise with the idea of choice, you discover nontraditional information sites that become some of the Internet“s most trusted places. Take SCOT

14、US, written by lawyers about cases in the Supreme Court. It has become the place to go for other lawyers, reporters, and editors to find in-depth information about important cases. The Internet also allows individuals to achieve this level of trust. For instance, the S blog written by Robert Scoble.

15、 Mr. Scoble, a former Microsoft employee and tech expert, is widely seen as one of the most important people to read when you want to learn what“s happening in the world of technology. He built his large audience on the fact that people trust his writing. To me, it“s the best of all possible informa

16、tion worlds.（分数：12.50）(1).According to the passage, the expression “real journalism“ is used to refer to _.（分数：2.50）A.traditional newspapers and magazinesB.online news and information provided by “the crowds“C.online news and information provided by professional reporters and editorsD.news and infor

17、mation from both traditional media and nontraditional media sites(2).When the author is describing the “viral“ nature of the Internet (para. 1), he uses the metaphorical expression to tell the readers that _.（分数：2.50）A.when transmitted through the Internet, any thing harmful would quickly be destroy

18、edB.any message revealed through the Internet would survive whether it is trusted or notC.any “quality“ message would be quickly accepted and passed on from one anotherD.only the trusted online information would survive and be accepted by the crowds(3).Which of the following does NOT support the sta

19、tement “It“s not expertiseit“s choice“ (para. 2)?（分数：2.50）A.Expertise determines the choice by the crowds.B.The world of digital information is built on the selection of netizens.C.Nontraditional models of expertise are built on the selection of users.D.The accumulated votes of confidence lead to th

20、e establishment of expertise(4).What is the major argument of the passage?（分数：2.50）A.With the development of digital technology, anyone can be a reporter or editor.B.Professional reporters and editors are always the trusted “gatekeeper“ of traditional news and information.C.The choices of the accumu

21、lated online users should be considered more trustworthy and reliable than those of the few with expertise.D.Expertise would be the main component of both traditional media and nontraditional information sites.(5).The author introduces the Newsweek article “Revenge of the Expert“（分数：2.50）A.as a star

22、ting point for his argument and discussionB.to show it has won the support of Jay Rosen, J. D. Lasica, Dan Gillmor and many othersC.as an example to indicate the end of “real journalism“D.to prove that the future of digital information will be based more on expertiseScientists have discovered a way

23、of manipulating a gene that turns animals into drones incapable of becoming bored even when performing repetitive tasks. Experiments on rhesus monkeys have shown for the first time that animal behaviour can be permanently altered, turning the subjects from aggressive to “compliant“ creatures. The ge

24、nes are identical in humans. Although the research is intended to advance the treatment of mental illness, it will raise images of the Epsilon caste created by Aldous Huxley to carry out menial jobs in his novel, Brave New World. It could also do away with the need for motivational coaching and perh

25、aps one day provide a cure for those who dread returning to work on Mondays. The experimentsdetailed in the journal Nature Neuroscience involved blocking the effect of a gene in the brain called D2, which cut the link between the monkeys“ motivation and perceived reward. Instead of speeding up with

26、the approach of a deadline or the prospect of a “treat“, the monkeys could still work enthusiastically for long periods. “Most people are motivated to work hard and well only by the expectation of reward, whether it“s a pay cheque or a word of praise,“ said Barry Richmond, a neuro-biologist at Ameri

27、ca“s National Institute of Mental Health, who led the project. “We could remove that link and create a situation where repetitive hard work would continue without any reward. “ The experiments involved getting monkeys to operate levers in response to colour changes on screens in front of them. Norma

28、lly they work hardest and fastest with the fewest mistakes if they think a reward for the “work“ is imminent. But Richmond“s team found they could make the monkeys work their hardest and fastest all the time, without any complaint or sign of slacking, just by manipulating D2 so that they forgot abou

29、t expectation of reward. “We make decisions all the time based on how valuable we think a reward is and how much time we think it is going to take to get it,“ said Richmond. “In depression, people think no reward is worthwhile and all work is too burdensome. In obsessive compulsive disorder, people

30、work and are never satisfied by what they have done. If we can find the disturbance in the brain circuitry related to emotions and reward, we might be able to relieve the symptoms.“ He said the technicalities of permanently altering human behaviour by gene manipulation are currently too complex and

31、humans who underwent this treatment to become live manifestations of Huxley“s Epsilons would not function well. “They would be indiscriminate and not be able to appreciate that their efforts were wasted if there was a problem further along a production line,“ Richmond said. “It would be more to the

32、point for us to motivate people using normal motivating factors. “ However, he and other scientists acknowledge that methods of manipulating human physical and psychological traits are just around the corner and the technology will emerge first as a lucrative add-on available from IVF clinics. “Ther

33、e“s no doubt we will be able to influence behaviour,“ said Julian Savulescu, a professor of ethics at Oxford University. He said: “Genetically manipulating people to become slaves is not in their interests, but other changes might be. We have to make choices about what makes a good life for an indiv

34、idual.“ Richmond“s findings were discussed at a Royal Society meeting organised by Bob Edwards, the scientist whose work led to the creation of Louise Brown, the world“s first test tube baby. In a presentation entitled Designing Babies: What the Future Holds, Yuri Verlinsky, a scientist from the Uni

35、versity of Chicago who is at the forefront of embryo manipulation, said: “As infertility customers are investing so much time, money and effort into having a baby, shouldn“t they have a healthy one and what is to stop them picking a baby for its physical and psychological traits?“ The advent of the

36、technology is considered so serious in America that a meeting to discuss setting up a legal framework for “germline“ genetic manipulation is being held in Washington, D.C. in December.（分数：12.50）(1).It can be concluded from the passage that the Epsilon caste created by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brav

37、e New World are _.（分数：2.50）A.a kind of slave class who are humble and obedientB.a group of mental patients receiving medical treatmentC.the working people who are involved in manufacturingD.hero and heroine in the adventures in the Brave New World(2).The original purpose of the research introduced i

38、n the passage was _.（分数：2.50）A.to find ways to treat people with mental problemsB.to make monkeys work their hardest and fastestC.to do away with the need for motivational coachingD.to promote the productivity of the manufacturing industry(3).Which of the following CANNOT be true about the gene D2 a

39、ccording to the passage?（分数：2.50）A.They are identical both in humans and monkeys.B.They serve as the link between motivation and reward perceived.C.The manipulation of the gene can permanently change behavior.D.The removal of the gene can make people more intelligent.(4).According to neuro-biologist

40、 Barry Richmond, the methods of manipulating human physical and psychological traits _.（分数：2.50）A.are against human ethical valuesB.will be developed in the near futureC.are based on normal motivating factorsD.are too complex to function well(5).It can be concluded from the passage that the scientis

41、t Yuri Verlinsky _ the technology of gene manipulation.（分数：2.50）A.is a strong opponent ofB.is a determined supporter ofC.is more concerned with the legal framework ofD.is indifferent to the ethical side ofWhat is the role of human resources as the world goes through turmoil, and what is its future a

42、s so many industries face extreme change? Effendi Ibnoe,Bali, IndonesiaTalk about timing. Your question arrived in our in-box the same day that we received a note from an acquaintance who had just been let go from his job in publishing, certainly one of the industries that is facing, as you put it,

43、“extreme change“. He described his layoff as a practically Orwellian experience in which he was ushered into a conference room to meet with an outplacement consultant who, after dispensing with logistics, informed him that she would call him at home that evening to make sure everything was all right

44、. “I assured her I had friends and loved ones and a dog,“ he wrote, “and since my relationship with her could be measured in terms of seconds, they could take care of that end of things.“ “Memo to HR: Instead of saddling dismissed employees with solicitous outplacement reps,“ he noted wryly, “put th

45、em in a room with some crockery for a few therapeutic minutes of smashing things against a wall.“ While we enjoy our friend“s sense of humor, we“d suggest a different memo to HR. “Layoffs are your moment of truth,“ it would say, “when your company must show departing employees the same kind of atten

46、tiveness and dignity that was showered upon them when they entered. Layoffs are when HR proves its mettle and its worth, demonstrating whether a company really cares about its people.“ Look, we“ve written before about HR and the game-changing role we believe it canand shouldplay as the engine of an

47、organization“s hiring, appraisal, and development processes. We“ve asserted that too many companies relegate HR to the mundane busy-work of newsletters, picnics, and benefits, and we“ve made the case that every CEO should elevate his head of HR to the same stature as the CFO. But if there was ever a

48、 time to underscore the importance of HR, it has arrived. And, sadly, if there was ever a time to see how few companies get HR right, it has arrived, too, as our acquaintance“s experience shows. So, to your question: What is HR“s correct role nowespecially in terms of layoffs? First, HR has to make

49、sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers. Being fired is dehumanizing in any event, but to get the news from a “hired gun“ only makes matters worse. That“s why HR must ensure that managers accept their duty, which is to be in on the one conversation at work that must be personal. Pink slips should be delivered face-to-face, eyeball-to-eyeball. Second, HR“s role is to serve as the company“s arbiter of equity. Nothing raises hackles more during a layoff than the sense that some peoplenamely t