【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-8及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-8 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is (1) and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is (2) listening behavior. As a(an) (3)

2、 in point, one parent believed that her daughter had a severe (4) problem. She was so (5) that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent:“Theres nothing wrong with her hearing. Shes just (6) you out. “ A leading

3、cause of the (7) divorce rate (more than half of all marriages end in divorce) is the failure of husbands and wives to (8) effectively. They dont listen to each other. Neither person (9) to the actual message sent by the other. In (10) fashion, political scientists report that a growing number of pe

4、ople believe that their elected and (11) officials are out of (12) with the constituents they are supposedly (13) Why? Because they dont believe that they listen to them. In fact, it seems that sometimes our politicians dont even listen to themselves. The following is a true story: At a national (14

5、) conference held in Albuquerque some years ago, then Senator Joseph Montoya was (15) a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to (16) a speech. When he rose to speak, (17) the horror of the press aide and the (18) of his audience, Montoya began reading

6、the press release, not his speech. He began, “For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya, Democrat of New Mexico, last night told the National. “ Montoya read the entire six page release, (19) with the statement that he “was repeatedly (20) by applause. /（分数：10.00）(1).A scarce B little C rare

7、D poor（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A malignant B deficient C ineffective D feeble（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A case B example C lesson D suggestion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A audio B aural C hearing D listening（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A believing B convinced C assured D doubtless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A turning B tuning C tu

8、cking D tugging（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A rising B arising C raising D arousing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A exchange B interchange C encounter D interact（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A relates B refers C responds D resorts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A like B alike C likely D likewise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A nominated B selec

9、ted C appointed D supported（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A connection B reach C association D touch（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A leading B representing C delegating D supporting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A legislative B legitimate C legalized D liberal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A distributed B awarded C handed D submitted（

10、分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A present B publish C deliver D pursue（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A to B with C for D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A joy B enjoyment C amusement D delight（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A conclude B to conclude C concluding D concluded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A disrupted B interfered C interrupted D st

11、opped（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)FOR the past two years in Silicon Valley, the centre of Americas technology industry, conference-goers have entertained themselves playing a guessing game: how many times will a speaker mention th

12、e phrase “long tail“? It is usually a high number, thanks to the influence of the long tail theory, which was first developed by Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired magazine, in an article in 2004. Though technologists and bloggers chuckle at how every business presentation now has to have its long-

13、tail section, most are envious of Mr Anderson, whose brainwave quickly became the most fashionable business idea around.Whether a blockbuster film, a bestselling novel, or a chart-topping rap song, popular culture idolizes the hit. Companies devote themselves to creating them because the cost of dis

14、tribution and the limits of shelf space in physical shops mean that profitability depends on a high volume of sales. But around the beginning of this century a group of internet companies realized that with endless shelves and a national or even international audience online they could offer a huge

15、range of productsand make money at the same time.The niche, the obscure and the specialist, Mr Anderson argues, will gain ground at the expense of the hit. As evidence, he points to a drop in the number of companies that traditionally calculate their revenue/sales ratio according to the 80/20 rulewh

16、ere the top fifth of products contribute four-fifths of revenues. Ecast, a San Francisco digital jukebox company, found that 98% of its 10,000 albums sold at least one track every three months. Expressed in the language of statistics, the experiences of Ecast and other companies such as Amazon, an o

17、nline bookseller, suggest that products down in the long tail of a statistical distribution, added together, can be highly profitable. The internet helps people find their way to relatively obscure material with recommendations and reviews by other people and (for those willing to have their artisti

18、c tastes predicted by a piece of software) computer programs which analyze past selections.Long-tail enthusiasts argue that the whole of culture will benefit, not just commercial enterprises. Television, film and music are such bewitching media in their own right that many people are quite happy to

19、watch and listen to what the mainstream provides. But if individuals have the opportunity to pick better, more ideally suited entertainment from a far wider selection, they will take it, according to the theory of the long tail. Some analysts reckon that entire populations might become happier and w

20、iser once they have access to thousands of documentaries, independent films and sub-genres of every kind of music, instead of being subjected to what Mr Anderson calls the tyranny of lowest-common-denominator fare. That might be taking things a bit far. But the long tail is certainly one of the inte

21、rnets better gifts to humanity.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, the author believes that_.A Americas technology industry prefers conferencesB “long tail“ is a new concept of businessC technologists mention “long tail“ in every speechD long-tail section began to form in 2004（分数：2.00）A.

22、B.C.D.(2).The 80/20 rule is used to_.A prove the long tail theoryB figure out financial ratioC select profitable productsD design procedures（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).With which of the following would the long-tail advocates most probably agree?A People are more willing to catch what the mainstream provid

23、es.B People have more opportunities to find entertainment through computer.C People would be happy for having access to a wider selection.D People in the cultural field benefit most from the long tail theory.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The phrase “lowest-common-denominator“ (Line 9, Paragraph 4) probably r

24、efers to_.A the long tail theoryB the disadvantaged groupC the profitabilityD the hit（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is the best title for the text?A The Formulation of the Long Tail TheoryB What the Long Tail Theory Will DoC The Long Tail Theory VS. The 80/20 RuleD The Decline of the Po

25、pular Culture（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a

26、company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to refle

27、ct on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize successio

28、n plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be m

29、ore willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position

30、 to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:” I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed

31、 me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad

32、left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The tradition

33、al rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”（分数：10.00）(1).When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingAarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.

34、Dimpulsive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new career goals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word

35、“poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansAapproved of.Battended to.Chunted for.Dguarded against.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAtop performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.Ctop performers care more about r

36、eputations.Dits safer to stick to the traditional rules.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is the best title for the text?ACEOs: Where to Go?BCEOs: All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a NetDThe Only Way Out for Top Performers（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the idealized ve

37、rsion of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to cany out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective

38、, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims sh

39、ould be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are lull of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becom

40、es the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structu

41、re of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly

42、 accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist

43、 throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surpr

44、isingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert

45、Azent-Gy6rgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.“ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted

46、 and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens“ to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason./（分数：10.00）(1

47、).According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity. B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity. D systematicness and regularity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires

48、A strict inspection. B shared efforts.C individual wisdom. D persistent innovation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.B has been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition fro

49、m editors and reviewers.D has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Albert Szent-Gydrgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.B discoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scientific work calls fo