【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-7及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-7 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)What do you think of American health care system? Most people would be (1) by the high quality of medicine (2) to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of (3) to the individual, a (4) amount of advance

2、d technical equipment, and (5) effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must (6) in the courts if they (7) things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. To the problem is the way in (8) health care is organized and (9) . (10) to pubic belief it is not jus

3、t a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not (11) the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, (12) this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollarsmore than 10 percent of the U. S. Bu

4、dgeta large number of Americans are left (13) . These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits (14) income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control (15) the health system

5、. There is no (16) to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is to pay (17) .

6、Two thirds of the population are (18) by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want (19) that the insurance company will pay the bill.The rising cost of medicine in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 1981 the countrys health bill climbed 15.9 percenta

7、bout twice as fast as prices (20) general.（分数：10.00）(1).A compressed B impressed C obsessed D repressed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A available B attainable C achievable D amenable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A extension B retention C attention D exertion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A countless B titanic C broad D vast（分数：

8、0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A intensive B absorbed C intense D concentrated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A run into B encounter C face D defy（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A treat B deal C maneuver D handle（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A which B that C what D when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A helped B financed C planned D controlled（分数：0.50）A.B

9、.C.D.(10).A Contrary B Opposed C Averse D Objected（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A looking for B looking into C looking after D looking over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A which B what C that D it（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A over B out C off D away（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A for B in C with D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A over B

10、 on C under D behind（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A boundary B restriction C confinement D limit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A out B for C up D off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A discovered B covered C recovered D ranged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A knowing B to know C they know D known（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A on B with C in D f

11、or（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In most parts of the world, climate change is a worrying subject. Not so in California. At a recent gathering of green luminaries-in a film stars house, naturally, for that is how seriousness is ofte

12、n established in Los Angeles-the dominant note was self-satisfaction at what the state has already achieved. And perhaps nobody is more complacent than Arnold Schwarzenegger. Unlike A1 Gore, a presidential candidate turned prophet of environmental doom, Californias governor sounds cheerful when talk

13、ing about climate change. As well he might: it has made his political career.Although California has long been an environmentally-conscious state, until recently greens were concerned above all with smog and redwood trees. “Coast of Dreams“, Kevin Starrs authoritative history of contemporary Califor

14、nia, published in 2004, does not mention climate change. In that year, though, the newly-elected Mr. Schwarzenegger made his first tentative call for western states to seek alternatives to fossil fuels. Gradually he noticed that his efforts to tackle climate change met with less resistance, and more

15、 acclaim, than just about all his other policies. These days it can seem as though he works on nothing else.Mr. Schwarzeneggers transformation from screen warrior to eco-warrior was completed last year when he signed a bill imposing legally-enforceable limits on greenhouse-gas emissions-a first for

16、America. Thanks mostly to its lack of coal and heavy industry, California is a relatively clean state. If it were a country it would be the worlds eighth- biggest economy, but only its 16th-biggest polluter. Its big problem is transport-meaning, mostly, cars and trucks, which account for more than 4

17、0% of its greenhouse-gas emissions compared with 32% in America as a whole. The state wants to ratchet down emissions limits on new vehicles, beginning in 2009. Mr. Schwarzenegger has also ordered that, by 2020, vehicle fuel must produce 10% less carbon: in the production as well as the burning, so

18、a simple switch to corn-based ethanol is probably out.Thanks in part to Californias example, most of the western states have adopted climate action plans. When it comes to setting emission targets, the scene can resemble a posedown at a Mr. Olympia contest. Arizonas climate-change scholars decided t

19、o set a target of cutting the states emissions to 2000 levels by 2020. But Janet Napolitano, the governor, was determined not to be out-muscled by California. She has declared that Arizona will try to return to 2000 emission levels by 2012.California has not just inspired other states; it has create

20、d a vanguard that ought to be able to prod the federal government into stronger national standards than it would otherwise consider. But California is finding it easier to export its policies than to put them into practice at home. In one way, Californias self-confidence is fully justified. It has d

21、one more than any other state-let alone the federal government-to fix Americas attention on climate change. It has also made it seem as though the problem can be solved. Which is why failure would be such bad news. At the moment California is a beacon to other states. If it fails, it will become an

22、excuse for inaction.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, Mr. Arnold Schwarzenegger is cheerful chiefly becauseA climate change is not worrying California anymore.B even film stars become serious about environmental protection.C he has benefited personally from Californias achievements.D his style

23、of administration is always dominated by self-satisfaction.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why did Mr. Schwarzenegger seem to be working on nothing else?A Because California has always been environmentally-conscious.B Because Kevin Start failed to talk about climate change in his book.C Because his call for al

24、ternative fuels has been most strongly echoed.D Because all his other policies met with more acclaim than resistance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Corn-based ethanol might not be chosen as an alternative becauseA carbon reduction in both fuel production and burning might be hard.B California also intends to

25、cut down emissions from new vehicles.C it is almost impossible for vehicle fuel to produce 10% less carbon.D Californias corns are chiefly transported by cars and trucks.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Janet Napolitano is mentioned in the passage to show thatA Arizona is determined to out-muscle California.B f

26、emale governors often set unrealistic goals.C Arizona will start a Mr. Olympia contest with California.D Californias actions have produced some positive effects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text thatA California needs further actions to inspire other states.B California has set a

27、 perfect model for other states to follow.C California will become an excuse for inaction for other states.D California might find it difficult to execute its own policies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“Were using the wrong word,“ says Sean Drysdale, a desperate doctor from a rural hospit

28、al at Hlabisa in northern KwaZulu-Natal. “This isnt an epidemic, its a disaster. “ A recent UNIEF report, which states that almost one-third of Swazilands 900,000 people are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, supports this diagnosis. HIV is spreading faster in southern Africa than anywhe

29、re else in the world.But is anyone paying attention? Despite the fact that most of the worlds 33.5 million HIV/AIDS cases are in sub-Saharan Africawith an additional 4 million infected each yearthe priorities at last weeks Organization of African Unity summit were conflict resolution and economies d

30、evelopment. Yet the epidemic could have a greater effect on economic developmentor, rather, the lack of itthan many politicians suspect.While business leaders are more concerned about the 2K millennium bug than the long-term effect of AIDS, statistics show that the workfare in South Africa, for inst

31、ance, is likely to be 20% HIV positive by next year. Medical officials and researchers warn that not a single country in the region has a cohesive government strategy to tackle the crisis.The way managers address AIDS in the workplace will determine whether their companies survive the first decade o

32、f the 21st century, says Deane Moore, an actuary for South Africas Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Moore estimates that in South Africa there will be 580,000 new AIDS cases a year and a life expectancy of just 38 by 2010. “Well be back to the Middle Ages,“ says Drysdale, whose hospital is in on

33、e of the areas in South Africa with the highest rates of HIV infection. “The graph is heading toward the vertical. And yet people are still not taking it seriously. “Most southern African countries are simply too poor to supply more than basic health services, let alone medicines, to confront the cr

34、isis. Patients in some government hospitals in Harare have to supply their own bedding, food, drugs and, in some cases, even their own nurses. Zimbabwes frail domestic economy depends to a large extent on informal enterprises and small businesses, many of which are going bankrupt as AIDS takes its t

35、oll on owners and employees. “The ripple effect is devastating,“ says Harare AIDS researcher Rene Loewenson.More ominous are the implications for South Africa with a sophisticated industrial infrastructure as well as a widespread informal sector. While the South African government is active in promo

36、ting AIDS education, it hasnt the money, manpower or material to cope with the attack of AIDS.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the sentence “Were using the wrong word“ in Paragraph 1 mean?A The words “epidemic“ and “disaster“ are misspelled in the UNIEF report.B The word “epidemic“ is not severe enough to de

37、scribe the situation.C The word “disaster“ is too severe to describe the situation.D The word “diagnosis“ is left out by some unknown reason.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A The AIDS problem is not so serious as to catch the governments attention.B Organizati

38、on of African Unity summit discussed the AIDS problem without any result.C Neither the political nor the business leaders ease about the AIDS problem.D Statistics show the AIDS problem in South Africa will be positive by next year.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).By saying “The graph is heading toward the verti

39、cal“ ( Para. 4) , Drysdale wants to tell people_.A something is wrong with the statisticsB the increase of the AIDS cases is fastC the direction of the graph is a sign of improvementD people seldom take it seriously（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which is the major reason for the AIDS situation in South Africa

40、?A The poor economic power in the African countries.B The industrial infrastructure is complex.C The informal sector is widespread.D The lack of government concern.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can we infer from the passage?A Some measures must be taken to change the AIDS situation.B All the countries m

41、ust fight against AIDS problems to protect their economy.C AIDS problems are not serious because they occur just in part of the world.D The author is optimistic about the AIDS situation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Current Group, a Germantown-based technology firm, has taken over an ordi

42、nary looking house in Bethesda and turned it into a laboratory for smart-grid technology, the system the company believes will bring the nations electricity grids into the digital age.In the front yard stands a utility pole hooked up to a special transformer that connects the power lines to high-spe

43、ed Internet. Hundreds of sensors attached to the lines monitor how power flows through the home. That information is then sent back to the utility company.The process lets a utility more efficiently manage the distribution of electricity by allowing two-way communication between consumers and energy

44、 suppliers via the broadband network on the power lines. Based on data they receive from hundreds of homes, utilities can monitor usage and adjust output and pricing in response to demand. Consumers can be rewarded with reduced rates by cutting back on consumption during peak periods. And computeriz

45、ed substations can talk to each other so overloaded circuits hand off electricity to those that have not fully loaded, helping to prevent blackouts.Some utility companies have launched initiatives to give consumers data about their energy consumption habits in an effort to lower energy bills. Smart-

46、grid technology takes such programs further by automating electricity distribution, which would make grids more reliable and efficient.By partnering with utilities, the company hopes to tap into $4.5 billion in stimulus grants intended to encourage smart-grid development. When he announced the fundi

47、ng, President Obama pointed to a project in Boulder, Colo. , as an example of a successful smart-grid experiment. Current is one of the companies working on the project.Currents chief executive Tom Casey believes the technology will help utility companies better distribute electricity produced by re

48、newable resources, such as solar panels or wind farms. “ A smart grids system can be paired up with the renewable resources so that when the renewable source is varying, the overall load can be varied as well, “ Casey told the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. “ This

49、will reduce or eliminate the need for backup coal or gas-based power generation plants. /（分数：10.00）(1).For smart-grid technology to work, which of the following is a must?A The front yard of a house with a tall wooden pole.B A huge hook that can connect power lines together.C High-speed Internet acces