【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(八)及答案解析.doc

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1、中医综合-中药学(八)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Deflation is an economic theory relating changes in the price levels to changes in the quantity of money. In its developed (1) , it constitutes an analysis of the (2) underlying inflation and deflation. As (3) by the English p

2、hilosopher John Locke in the 17th century, the Scottish (4) David Hume in the 18th century, and (5) , it was a weapon (6) the mercantilists, who were thought to equate wealth with money. If the (7) of money by a nation merely raised (8) , argued the quantity theorists, then a “favourable“ balance of

3、 trade, (9) desired by mercantilists, would increase the supply of money but would not in-crease (10) . In the 19th century the quantity theory (11) to the ascendancy of free trade over protectionism. In the 19th and 20th centuries it played a part in the (12) of business cycles and in the theory of

4、 foreign (13) rates.The (14) theory came under attack during the 1930s, (15) monetary expansion seemed ineffective in combating deflation. Economists argued that the levels of investment and government spending were more important than the money supply in determining economic activity.The tide of op

5、inion (16) again in the 1960s, when experience (17) post-World War inflation and new empirical (18) of money and prices (19) A Monetary History of the United States (1963) by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartzrestored much of the quantity theory s lost prestige. One implication of this theory is that

6、 the size of the stock of money must be considered when shaping governmental policies (20) to control prices and maintain full employment.（分数：10.00）(1).A form B shape C figure D appearance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A causes B factors C facts D parts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A discovered B discussed C reported

7、D developed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A scientist B philosopher C professor D thinker（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A others B the other C another D other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A for B against C by D with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A accumulation B earn C spending D disposal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A amounts B prices C levels D

8、 ranges（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A since B if C before D as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).10 A wage B salary C wealth D pay（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A accesses B contributed C pointed D explained（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A analysis B thought C preservation D existence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A change B exchange C communicat

9、ion D alter（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A number B quantity C quality D figure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A where B what C when D which（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A reversed B occurred C emerged D finished（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A by B for C since D with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A studies B discovers C findings D questions（

10、分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A similar to B such as C along with D aside from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A measured B pointed C led D meant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many in the Middle East have difficulty in adjusting themselves to the new s

11、ituation created by the departure of the imperial powers. For the first time in almost 200 years, the rulers and people of the Middle East have to accept the final responsibility for their own affairs, to make their own mistakes and to accept the consequences. This is difficult to internalize, even

12、to perceive, after so long a period. For the entire lifetimes of those who formulate and conduct policy at the present time and of their predecessors for many generations, vital decisions were made elsewhere, ultimate control lay elsewhere, and the principal task of statesmanship and diplomacy was a

13、s far as possible to avoid or reduce the dangers of this situation and to exploit such opportunities as it might from time to time offer. It is very difficult to forsake the habits not just of a lifetime but of a whole era of history. The difficulty is much greater when alien cultural, social and ec

14、onomic preeminence continues and even increases, despite the ending of alien political and military domination. Military and to a growing extent political intervention by the West has indeed ended, but the impact of its science and culture, its technology, amenities and institutions remains and even

15、 increases. As in other parts of the non-Western world, this impact has been and will be enormous. In these circumstances, it is natural that Middle Easterners should continue to assumeand proceed on the assumptionthat real responsibility and decision still lie elsewhere. In its crudest form, this b

16、elief leads to wild and strange conspiracy theories directed against those whom they regard as their enemiesIsrael, and more generally the Jews, the United States, and more generally the West. No theory is too absurd to be asserted or too preposterous to be widely and instantly believed. Even among

17、more responsible statesmen and analysts, a similar belief in alien power, albeit in a less crude form, often seems to guide both analysis and policy. Some even go so far as to invite outside intervention, presumable in the belief that only outside powers have the capacity to make and enforce decisio

18、ns. A case in point is the constant appeal to the United States to involve itself in the Arab Israel conflict, oddly coupled with the repeated accusation of “American imperialism. “ This state of mind is likely to continue for some time, with appeals for support or even intervention to the United St

19、ates, to Russia and even to the European Union. In time, no doubt, Middle Eastern governments and people will learn how to use this window of opportunity to the best advantagethat is, of course, if the window remains open long enough.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “this“ in the third sentence of Paragraph 1

20、 refers to_. A the departure of the imperial powers B the final responsibility of the Middle Eastern countries for their own affairs C the consequence created by the departure of the imperial powers D the fact that the Middle Eastern countries have to be responsible for their own affairs（分数：2.00）A.B

21、.C.D.(2). The Middle Eastern countries were at a loss after the departure of the imperial powers because_. A they were rather backward and in bad need of foreign assistance B they were accustomed to being ruled by an alien force C they were plunged into war after the departure of the imperial powers

22、 D the imperial powers left them nothing but disorder（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3). It is natural for Middle Easterners to assume that_. A their real enemies are the Western countries B no countries can save them but their own C it is up to their leaders, not the ordinary people, to make decisions D other co

23、untries should come to their help in times of urgency（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The fact that the Middle Eastern countries often rely on the United States in resolving their conflicts shows that they believe that_. A American imperialists still have control over the world affairs B outside powers are more

24、 capable of effective decisions C they are weaker than Israel and cannot defeat it D Israel is assisted and manipulated by the United States（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author implied in the passage that_. A it takes time for the Middle Easterners to adjust themselves to the new situation B the world wi

25、ll be more peaceful if each country learns to care about its own business C most of the unrest in the Middle East is attributable to Israels aggressive policies D the Western powers should stop interfering with other countries affairs（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)That rapscallion who leap

26、s off the monkey bars, landing smack onto an innocent 3-year-old bystander, and skips off, giggling all the while? According to a new paper out of Israel, he may not feel all that bad about the incident. The study, conducted by Dr. In bal Kivenson Bar-On at the University of Haifa, shows that high l

27、evels of fearlessness in 3-and 4-year-olds is strongly associated with aggression and a lack of sympathy. This news will likely surprise risk-loving America, where parents typically beam with pride when their undaunted child mounts the big slide.Fearlessness is a far-end point on the spectrum of wha

28、t psychologists call the “approach and withdrawal dimension“peoples tendency to approach new stimuli (to gain information and acquire new skills ) and withdraw from unfamiliar stimuli (to avoid danger). Striking the right balance is considered crucial to mans survival. But what about preschoolers? T

29、heres a clear downside, Dr. Kivenson Bar-On discovered, after she observed lots of preschool play and machinations. In total, she documented 80 children at preschool, home and in the lab, measuring their propensity for fearlessness and other social and emotional characteristics at the beginning and

30、end of one year. Fearlessness was measured by observing reactions to various fright-inducing situations: separation from parents, the roar of a vacuum cleaner, a jack-in-the-box and the like. Those who displayed greater levels of fearlessness, the study found, had no trouble recognizing facial expre

31、ssions of anger, surprise, happiness and sadness in other childrenbut they had a hard time identifying fear.Over all, they were “emotionally shallow“ and showed lower levels of sympathy. They took advantage of friends and lacked regret over inappropriate conduct. “These findings,“ the paper explains

32、, “ suggest that fearlessness in preschool constitutes a clear risk factor for developmental pathways that lead to problems in morality, conscience development, and severe antisocial behaviors. “ At the same time, fearless children tended to be highly sociable. “One of the most interesting findings

33、was that we could discriminate between friendliness and sympathy,“ Dr. Kivenson Bar-On said. “These kids are curious, easygoing and friendly, but they have a hard time recognizing emotional distress in others. “Jamie Ostrov, a psychology professor at the State University at Buffalo who studies aggre

34、ssion, says that children at the extreme end of the fearless spectrurn “may be charming, but theyre also highly manipulative and deceptive and skilled at getting their wayeven at age 3 or 4. “ It could be that fearless children need stronger distress cues to active their autonomic nervous systems, l

35、imiting their ability to detect distress cues in others. It seems to be, if Im not worried about this, you cant be, either. But should we be?（分数：10.00）(1).The example of the first paragraph is to_.A quote the research that the children of high levels of fearlessness are lack of empathyB illustrate t

36、he children strongly associated with aggression and a lack of sympathy existC criticize children in reckless behavior and moral deficiencyD emphasize the necessity of the research（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).As for the result of the research, American parents may be_?A approving B welcomeC a little unhappy

37、D indifferent（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the second paragraph, we may know_.A fearless children are easy to liveB fearless childrens character downsideC fearless children are not sensitive to fearD fear children are hard to distinguish different kinds of look（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to D

38、r. Kivenson Bar-On, fearless children_.A have no sympathy B will have anti-social tendencyC get well along with others D are foxy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The fearless children are not easy to perceive others sad mood because_.A theyre more aggressive and deceptiveB they are more lack of sympathyC they t

39、hemselves are difficult to have the sad moodD they are not good at watching others（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Since the industrial revolution, government, society, and industry have attempted to channel technological progress in useful directions. Whether it is the printing press, the c

40、otton gin the automobile or the Internet, technological innovations often have profound economic and social effects. To harness the benefits and minimize the more harmful effects of new technologies, modern governments use four basic approaches: specific direction, market incentives, criminal prohib

41、ition, and behavior modification.Specific direction starts with governments identifying one or more key factors in the R and to integrate action into the process to thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, howe

42、ver, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers

43、 use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experien

44、ce that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “ Aha! “ experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the f

45、ormal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis a

46、nd move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “ thinking “ is inseparable from acting. Since man

47、agers often “ know “ what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situati

48、on and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty ofmany of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in aH of the following ways EXCEPT to_.A stipul