【考研类试卷】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编10及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 10及答案解析(总分：62.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：62.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese._影响测试有效性的因素 1995 年英译汉及详解 The standardized educational or psychological t

2、ests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.【F1】 The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert atten

3、tion from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the t

4、ool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records.【F2】 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliabili

5、ty, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this con

6、text. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.【F3】 Whether to

7、use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 【F4】 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be mos

8、t precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but ther

9、e are many things they do not do.【F5】 For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4

10、】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_技术与天才哪个对科学发展更重要 1994 年英译汉及详解 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.【F1】 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more or

11、dinary things like improved techniques and tools. 【F2】 “In short,“ a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.“ 【F3】 Over the

12、 years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great impor

13、tance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo“s role at the start of the scientific revolution. Th

14、e wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.【F4】 Galileo“ s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove th

15、at the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【F5

16、】 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_科学研究的方法与人类思维的关系 1993

17、年英译汉及详解 【F1】 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind

18、of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means

19、 of his balance and finely graded weights.【F2】 It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the form

20、er. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.【F3】 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,

21、 and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 【F4】 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large

22、words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of

23、 your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere“ s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose(散文)during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on th

24、e discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.【F5】 Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree,

25、 as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响 1990 年英译汉及详解 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are form

26、ed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.【F1】 They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certai

27、n behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture“. 【F2】 Those who support the “nature“ si

28、de of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. 【F3】 That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that o

29、ur behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the “nurture“ theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instinc

30、ts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】 The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the diffe

31、rent explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】 Supporters of the “nature“ theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don“t believe that factors in the environment have mu

32、ch influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.【F6】 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capac

33、ity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7】 In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature“ proponents to conclude that

34、 blacks are biologically inferior to whites.【F8】 Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully exp

35、lain human behavior.（分数：16.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_(6).【F6】（分数：2.00）_(7).【F7】（分数：2.00）_(8).【F8】（分数：2.00）_技术发展给社会带来的弊端 1989 年英译汉及详解 When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago,【F1】 she laboured over a m

36、icroscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour. Now she tends the computerized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2, 600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on he

37、r eyes. But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the new computerized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121.【F2】 A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of

38、 the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of

39、their workers behind. 【F3】 Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement“ has be

40、en with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing.【F4】 “It“s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.“ Some workers,

41、 like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of workers.【F5】 The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into margi

42、nal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it. 【F6】 The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary. that new technology will eventually create as many jobs a