【考研类试卷】免疫的遗传分析、基因组学与后基因组学及答案解析.doc

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1、免疫的遗传分析、基因组学与后基因组学及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers (1) of a developing underclass. Tests and (2) with hundreds of people

2、born in a week in 1958 graphically illustrated the (3) of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4) , low incomes, depression and social inactivity.Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to four years less than good readers

3、 (5) they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that todays (6) teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7) jobs had shrunk.Almost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterdays report had poor literacy and almos

4、t half (8) with innumeracy, a proportion (9) other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a childs book, and most found difficult (10) written instruction.Poor readers were twice as likely to be a low wage and four times likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in

5、 this (11) were five times as likely to be (12) depressed, (13) both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14) .Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom (15) in any community organization and less likely than others to (16) in a general election. There

6、had been no (17) in the literary level of (18) reporting problems.Alan Wells, the agencys director, said: “ The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19) depressed and often labeled themselves as (20) . There is a circle of marginalization, with the

7、 dice against these people and their families.”（分数：10.00）(1).A proof B witness C testimony D evidence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A investigations B interviews C conferences D communications（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A defect B backwardness C handicap D scarcity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A breakdown B breakout C breaka

8、way D breakin（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A the time B the instant C the moment D the point（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A illiterate B suffering C poor D unqualified（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A skilled B mental C manual D mechanical（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A struggled B faced C encountered D confronted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A

9、in light of B in line with C in case of D in time of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A translating B complying C following D obeying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A post B condition C status D position（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A classified B thought C believed D labeled（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A and B while C for D but（分数：0.5

10、0）A.B.C.D.(14).A more B much C less D little（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A revolved B dissolved C resolved D involved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A claim B join C vote D win（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A improvement B advancement C development D increase（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A employees B interviewees C participant D re

11、searchers（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A hardly B seriously C increasingly D potentially（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A failures B winners C successors D patients（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)September 11th 2001 drew the transatlantic alliance tog

12、ether; but the mood did not last, and over the five years since it has pulled ever further apart. A recent poll for the German Marshall Fund shows that 57% of Europeans regard American leadership in world affairs as “undesirable“. The Iraq war is mainly to blame. But there is another and more intrac

13、table reason for the growing division: God.Europeans worry that American foreign policy under George Bush is too influenced by religion. The “holy warriors“ who hijacked the planes on September 11th reintroduced God into international affairs in the most dramatic of ways. It seems that George Bush i

14、s replying in kind, encouraging a clash of religions that could spell global catastrophe.Dominique Moisi, a special adviser at the French Institute for International Relations, argues that “the combination of religion and nationalism in America is frightening. We feel betrayed by God and by national

15、ism, which is why we are building the European Union as a barrier to religious warfare.“ Josef Braml, of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, complains that in America “religious attitudes have more of an influence on political choices than in any other western democracy.“The

16、 notion that America is too influenced by religion is not confined to the elites.Three in five French people and nearly as many Dutch think that Americans are too religiousand that religion skews what should be secular decisions. Europeans who think that America is “too religious“ are more inclined

17、to anti-Americanism than their fellow countrymen. 38% of Britons have an unfavourable view of America, but that number rises to 50% among people who are wary of American religiosity.Is America engaged in a faith-based foreign policy? Religion certainly exerts a growing influence on its actions in th

18、e world, but in ways more subtle and complicated than Europeans imagine. It is true that America is undergoing a religious revival “Hot“ religions such as evangelical Protestantism and hardline Catholicism are growing rapidly while “cool“ mainline versions of Christianity are declining. It is also t

19、rue that the Republican Party is being reshaped by this revival. Self-identified evangelicals provided almost 40% of Mr. Bushs vote in 2004; if you add in other theological conservatives, such as Mormons and traditional Catholics, that number rises closer to 60%. All six top Republican leaders in th

20、e Senate have earned 100% ratings from the Christian Coalition.It is also true that Mr. Bush frequently uses religious rhetoric when talking of foreign affairs. On September 12th he was at it again, telling a group of conservative journalists that he sees the war on terror as “a confrontation betwee

21、n good and evil“, and remarking, “It seems to me that theres a Third Awakening“ (in other words, an outbreak of Christian evangelical fervour, of the sort that has swept across America at least twice before). And Christian America overall is taking a bigger interest in foreign policy. New voices are

22、 being heard, Such as Sam Brownback, a conservative senator from Kansas who has led the fight against genocide in Darfur, and Rick Warren, the author of a bestseller called The Purpose-Driven Life, who is sending 2 000 missionaries to Rwanda.Finally, it is true that religious figures have done some

23、pretty outrageous things. Pat Robertson called for the assassination of Hugo Chavez, the president of Venezuela. Lieu- tenant-General William “Jerry“ Boykin, deputy under-secretary of defence for intelligence, toured the country telling Christian groups that radical Muslims hate America “because we

24、re a Christian nation and the enemy is a guy named Satan“. He often wore uniform.（分数：10.00）(1).The increasing transatlantic schism, according to the text, results from _.A terrorist attacks B American reliance on deityC intractable reason D multiple factors（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The phrase “in kind“ i

25、n the last sentence of the second paragraph most probably denotes _.A “with something tender“ B “with kindness“C “out of charity impulse“ D “with something similar/（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The view mentioned in the third paragraph at least prevail among _.A the European Union B the religious establishme

26、ntC the special adviser D the elites（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?A Americas foreign policy seems strongly influenced by religion. But that influence is much more complex than its critics suppose.B In the world of good and evil A

27、merican foreign policy is bound to be fruitless.C The growing disparity which is created by God has been existing. But the gulf of the transatlantic alliance will be bridged.D Religious figures have made some pretty outrageous things that could be com- promised by means non-violent means.（分数：2.00）A.

28、B.C.D.(5).The author evidences his own notion by advancing _.A four factsB far-fetched pretextsC random hypothesisD powerful preachers（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering thi

29、s question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Com

30、petitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the proces

31、s by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur,

32、and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. S

33、ocial animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to d

34、eath or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations

35、there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it canno

36、t be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to_.A argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB smooth out the conflicts in human societi

37、esC distinguish between two kinds of oppositionD summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that_.A it results in war in most casesB it induces efforts to expand territoryC it is a kind of oppo

38、sition among social entitiesD it is essentially a struggle for existence（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase “ function in the disservice of one another “ (Para. 1)most probably means_.A betray each otherB harm one anotherC help to collaborate with each otherD benefit one another（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The

39、author indicates in the passage that conflict_.A is an inevitable struggle resulting from competitionB reflects the struggle among social animalsC is an opposition among individual social entitiesD can be avoided（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is probably intended to answer the question “ _ “ .A Is

40、 war inevitable?B Why is there conflict and competition?C Is conflict desirable?D Can competition lead to conflict?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of th

41、e Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1016 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motiv

42、ated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the co

43、nclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous

44、 investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged

45、in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the federal census category roughly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move

46、, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had a monopoly of certain trades, bu

47、t they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries-tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers

48、were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who Were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural backgrounds comes