【考研类试卷】考博英语-602及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-602 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities,

2、the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappointing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work, emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus he “typical“ Frenchman produces more, earns more, an

3、d buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of the last generation. He gains in creating comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of persona, uniqueness, or individuality.Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the U. S. is a world symbol of the te

4、chnological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that “assembly-line life“ will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste,

5、 elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in lifejoy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local care?Since the late 1950s, life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some

6、of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable v

7、iolence.In spite of the critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, convenience, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is more pr

8、eferable to the old.（分数：8.00）(1).The old French way of life is characterized by _.A. leisure, elegance and efficiency B. elegance, efficiency and tasteC. leisure, elegance and taste D. leisure, efficiency and taste（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, all of the following are the descriptio

9、n of todays Frenchmen EXCEPT that _.A. Many of them prefer the new lifestyle to the oldB. They actually enjoy working at the assembly lineC. They are more concerned with money than beforeD. They are more competitive than the older generation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The best title for the passage would b

10、e _.A. Changes in the French Way of Life B. Criticism of the New LifestyleC. The Americanization of France D. Features of the New Way of Life（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that _.A. in pursuing material gains the French are suffering losses elsewhereB. the French enjoy shor

11、t lunch hoursC. the French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked applesD. Great changes have occurred in the lifestyle of all Frenchmen（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.The decline in moral standardswhich has long concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke

12、 Elshtain, for one, is glad.The fact that the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated

13、. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that Im in it for me has become deeply-rooted in the national consciousness, “ Ms. Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out

14、for one another, she says. With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U. S. And Elshtain says the public is corre

15、ct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament for some nonexistent “golden age, “ Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful lon

16、ging for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant

17、be bought. /（分数：8.00）(1).Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans _.A. have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB. are longing for the return of the good old daysC. have realized the importance of material thingsD. are awakened to the lowering of their moral standards（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(

18、2).The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by _.A. its growing wealthB. the self-centeredness of individualsC. underestimating the impact of social changesD. the prejudice against women and minorities（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities

19、?A. Great mobility. B. Concern for ones neighbors.C. Emphasis on individual effort. D. Ever-weakening social bonds.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed _.A. if people can return to the “golden age“B. when women and men enjoy equal rightsC. when people

20、 rid themselves of prejudiceD. if less emphasis is laid on material things（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue.The problem with such a vie

21、w is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the betteror worsepart of my life. Being rich wouldnt be bad either, but that wont happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some d

22、istant land, leaving me millions of dollars.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianitys seven deadly si

23、ns. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The

24、result is that being fator even only somewhat overweightis bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correla

25、tes with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problemtoo much fat and a lack of fibert

26、han a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop

27、paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall lifestyle. Thinness can be pure vainglory.（分数：8.00）(1).In the eyes of the aut

28、hor, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that _.A. the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtueB. looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneC. being thin is viewed as a much desired qualityD. religious people are not necessarily virtuous（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Swept by the prevailing trend

29、, the author _.A. had to go on a dietB. could still prevent herself from going off the trackC. had to seek help from rich distant relativesD. had to wear highly fashionable clothes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In human history, peoples views on body weight _.A. were closely related to their religious beliefs

30、B. changed from time to rimeC. varied between the poor and the richD. led to different moral standards（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author criticizes womens obsession with thinness _.A. from an economic and educational perspectiveB. from sociological and medical points of viewC. from a historical and rel

31、igious standpointD. in the light of moral principles（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay aliv

32、e: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear. they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would tack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: peo

33、ple would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Societys economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since e

34、arning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, bec

35、ause emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important

36、than what it has done or can do to ushurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things a

37、nd actions are “good“ and others are “bad“, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty

38、, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal s

39、ystem to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.（分数：8.00）(1).The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _.A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC. they woul

40、d not be happy with a life without loveD. they would do things that hurt each others feelings（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they _.A. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingB. benefit from providing help and support to one anoth

41、erC. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveD. know what is vital to the progress of society（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.A. the ability to make moneyB. the will to work for pleasureC. the capac

42、ity to enjoy incentivesD. the categorizations of our emotional experiences（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Emotions are significant for mans survival and adaptation because _.A. they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB. they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by w

43、hich society is maintainedC. they encourage people to perform dangerous achievementsD. they generate more love than hate among people（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.To fight against computer crimes, a computer system needs a sure way of identifying its right users and rejecting those who are not entitled to use it

44、. The identification system should be quick, simple, and convenient.At present, signatures are widely used to identify credit card holders, but it takes an expert to detect a good forgery. Sometimes even a human expert is fooled, and there is no reason to believe that a computer could do any better.

45、Photographs are also sometimes used for identification. But, people find it inconvenient to stop by a credit-card company and to be photographed. Companies might lose business if they made the pictures under absolute requirement. Also, photographs are less useful these days, when people frequently c

46、hange their appearance by changing the way they wear their hair. Finally, computer programs for analyzing photographs are still highly experimental.Cash-drawing systems often use two identification numbers: One is recorded on a magnetic stripe on the identification cards, and the other is given to t

47、he CRS holder. When the user inserts his card into the cash-drawing terminal, he keys in the identification number he has been given. The computer checks to see that the number recorded on the card and the other keyed in by the user refer to the same person.For a long time, fingerprints have provide

48、d a method of positive identification. But they suffer from two problems. One is that there is no simple system for comparing fingerprints electronically, the other is that because most people associate being fingerprinted with being arrested they almost surely would resist being fingerprinted for r

49、outine identification.Voiceprints have been suggested. With these, the user has only to speak a few words for the computer to analyze his voice. There are no psychological problems here. And technically its easier to take and analyze voiceprints than fingerprints. However, it has yet to be proved that the computer cannot be fooled by imitation. Also, the voice is subjected to the noise and distortion of a telephone line.Even lip-prints have been suggested. But its doubtful that kissing