【考研类试卷】考博英语-33及答案解析.doc
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1、考博英语-33 及答案解析(总分:100.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数:4,分数:20.00)Without fanfare or legislation, the government is orchestrating a quiet revolution in how it regulates new medicines. The revolution is based on the idea that the sicker people are, the more freedom they should have to try drugs that
2、 are not yet fully tested. For fifty years government policy has been driven by another idea: the fear that insufficiently tested medicines could cause deaths and injuries. The urgent needs of people infected with HIV, the AIDS virus, and the possibility of meeting them with new drugs have created a
3、 compelling countervailing force to the continuing concern with safety. As a result, government rules and practices have begun to change. Each step is controversial. But the shift has already gone far beyond AIDS. New ways are emerging for very sick people to try some experimental drugs before they
4、are marketed. People with the most serious forms of heart disease, cancer, emphysema, Alzheimer s or Parkinson s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, diabetes, or other grave illnesses can request such drugs through their doctors and are likelier to get them than they would have been four years ag
5、o. “Weve been too rigid in not making lifesaving drugs available to people who otherwise face certain death,“ says Representative Henry Waxman, of California, who heads the subcommittee that considers changes in drug-approval policies. “Its true of AIDS, but its also true of cancer and other life- t
6、hreatening diseases.“For the first time, desperate patients have become a potent political force for making new medicines available quickly. People with AIDS and their advocates, younger and angrier than most heart-disease or cancer patients, are drawing on two decades of gay activists success in or
7、ganizing to get what they want from politicians. At times they found themselves allied with Reagan Administration deregulators, scientists, industry representatives, FDA staff members, and sympathetic members of Congress. They organized their own clinical trials and searched out promising drugs here
8、 and abroad. The result is a familiar Washington story: a crisisAIDShelped crystallize an informal coalition for reform.AIDS gave new power to old complaints. As early as the 1970s the drug industry and some independent authorities worried that the Food and Do, g Administration s testing requirement
9、s were so demanding that new drugs were being unreasonably delayed. Beginning in 1972, several studies indicated that the United States had lost its lead in marketing new medicines and that breakthrough drugsthose that show new promise in treating serious or life-threatening diseases had come to be
10、available much sooner in other countries. Two high-level commissions urged the early release of breakthrough drugs. So did the Carter Administration, but the legislation it pro- posed died in Congress. Complaints were compounded by growing concern that “if we didnt streamline policies, red tape wot,
11、 Id be an obstacle to the development of the biotechnology revolution,“ as Frank E. Young, who was the head of the FDA from 1984 to 1989, put it in an interview with me.Young was a key figure in the overhaul of the FDAs policies. A pioneer in biotechnology and a former dean of the University of Roch
12、esters medical school, he came to Washington with an agenda and headed the agency for five and a half yearslonger than anyone else has since the 1960s. Young took the FDA job to help introduce new medicines created by biotechnology- whose promise he had seen in his own gene-cloning lab-and to get ex
13、perimental medicines to desperately iii people more quickly. He had seen people die waiting for new medicines because “they were in the wrong place at the wrong time,“ he said. That is now changing.(分数:5.00)(1).It can be said that the people who first started the quiet drug revolution are _.(分数:1.00
14、)A.doctorsB.government officialsC.AIDS patientsD.pharmacologists(2).According to the passage, patients who are gravely ill _.(分数:1.00)A.can get experimental drugs more quickly than ever beforeB.are still unable to get experimental drugs because of government strict policiesC.cant afford some expensi
15、ve experimental drugsD.refuse to be treated with experimental drugs(3).From the second paragraph, we learn that _.(分数:1.00)A.AIDS people tend to get angrier than all cancer patientsB.AIDS people have learned some experience from homosexual people in dealing with politiciansC.AIDS people have got som
16、e representatives in government organizationsD.AIDS people often work together with gay activists(4).Which of the following has the direct power over the approval of new prescription drugs?(分数:1.00)A.President.B.Congress.C.Senate.D.The Food and Drug Administration.Famed singerSteve Wonder cant see h
17、is fans dancing at his concerts. He cant see the hands of his audience as they applaud wildly at the end of his Superstition.Blind from birth, Wonder has waited his whole life for a chance to see. Recently, Wonder visited Mark Humayan, a vision specialist. He thought that a new device currently bein
18、g studied by Humayan might offer him that chance.The device, a retinal prosthesis, is a tiny computer chip implanted inside a patients eye. The chip sends images to the brain and allows some sightless people to see shapes and colors. Wonder hoped the retinal prosthesis might work for him. “Ive alway
19、s said that if ever theres possibility of my seeing,“ said Wonder, “then I would take the challenge.“Unfortunately for Wonder, that challenge will have to wait. Humayan explained that the device isnt ready for people who have been blind since birth. Their brains may not be able to handle signals fro
20、m a retinal prosthesis because their brains have never handled signals from a healthy eye.However the retinal prosthesis and other devices show great promise in helping many other sightless people who once had vision see again. Perhaps one day soon, some formerly sightless people may be in Wonders a
21、udience looking upand seeing himfor the very first time.Wonders willingness to take part in retinal prosthesis studies and the results of those studies are giving new hope to people who thought they would be blind for the rest of their lives. More than one million people in the United States are con
22、sidered legally blind, meaning that their eye- sight is severely impaired. Another one million are totally blind.Two types of specialized cells in the retinarods and conesare critical for proper vision. Light enters the eye and falls on the rods and cones in the retina. Those cells convert the light
23、 to electrical signals, which travel through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets those signals as visual images. Rods detect light at low levels of illumination. For instance, rods allow you to see faint shadows in dim moonlight. Cones, on the other hand, are most sensitive to color.S
24、ome diseases can damage cells in the retina. For instance, macular degeneration causes blind ness and other vision problems in 700,000 people in the United States each year. The condition i caused by a lack of adequate blood supply to the central part of the retina. Without blood, the rods, cones, a
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- 考研 试卷 英语 33 答案 解析 DOC
