1、考博英语-33 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)Without fanfare or legislation, the government is orchestrating a quiet revolution in how it regulates new medicines. The revolution is based on the idea that the sicker people are, the more freedom they should have to try drugs that
2、 are not yet fully tested. For fifty years government policy has been driven by another idea: the fear that insufficiently tested medicines could cause deaths and injuries. The urgent needs of people infected with HIV, the AIDS virus, and the possibility of meeting them with new drugs have created a
3、 compelling countervailing force to the continuing concern with safety. As a result, government rules and practices have begun to change. Each step is controversial. But the shift has already gone far beyond AIDS. New ways are emerging for very sick people to try some experimental drugs before they
4、are marketed. People with the most serious forms of heart disease, cancer, emphysema, Alzheimer s or Parkinson s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, diabetes, or other grave illnesses can request such drugs through their doctors and are likelier to get them than they would have been four years ag
5、o. “Weve been too rigid in not making lifesaving drugs available to people who otherwise face certain death,“ says Representative Henry Waxman, of California, who heads the subcommittee that considers changes in drug-approval policies. “Its true of AIDS, but its also true of cancer and other life- t
6、hreatening diseases.“For the first time, desperate patients have become a potent political force for making new medicines available quickly. People with AIDS and their advocates, younger and angrier than most heart-disease or cancer patients, are drawing on two decades of gay activists success in or
7、ganizing to get what they want from politicians. At times they found themselves allied with Reagan Administration deregulators, scientists, industry representatives, FDA staff members, and sympathetic members of Congress. They organized their own clinical trials and searched out promising drugs here
8、 and abroad. The result is a familiar Washington story: a crisisAIDShelped crystallize an informal coalition for reform.AIDS gave new power to old complaints. As early as the 1970s the drug industry and some independent authorities worried that the Food and Do, g Administration s testing requirement
9、s were so demanding that new drugs were being unreasonably delayed. Beginning in 1972, several studies indicated that the United States had lost its lead in marketing new medicines and that breakthrough drugsthose that show new promise in treating serious or life-threatening diseases had come to be
10、available much sooner in other countries. Two high-level commissions urged the early release of breakthrough drugs. So did the Carter Administration, but the legislation it pro- posed died in Congress. Complaints were compounded by growing concern that “if we didnt streamline policies, red tape wot,
11、 Id be an obstacle to the development of the biotechnology revolution,“ as Frank E. Young, who was the head of the FDA from 1984 to 1989, put it in an interview with me.Young was a key figure in the overhaul of the FDAs policies. A pioneer in biotechnology and a former dean of the University of Roch
12、esters medical school, he came to Washington with an agenda and headed the agency for five and a half yearslonger than anyone else has since the 1960s. Young took the FDA job to help introduce new medicines created by biotechnology- whose promise he had seen in his own gene-cloning lab-and to get ex
13、perimental medicines to desperately iii people more quickly. He had seen people die waiting for new medicines because “they were in the wrong place at the wrong time,“ he said. That is now changing.（分数：5.00）(1).It can be said that the people who first started the quiet drug revolution are _.（分数：1.00
14、）A.doctorsB.government officialsC.AIDS patientsD.pharmacologists(2).According to the passage, patients who are gravely ill _.（分数：1.00）A.can get experimental drugs more quickly than ever beforeB.are still unable to get experimental drugs because of government strict policiesC.cant afford some expensi
15、ve experimental drugsD.refuse to be treated with experimental drugs(3).From the second paragraph, we learn that _.（分数：1.00）A.AIDS people tend to get angrier than all cancer patientsB.AIDS people have learned some experience from homosexual people in dealing with politiciansC.AIDS people have got som
16、e representatives in government organizationsD.AIDS people often work together with gay activists(4).Which of the following has the direct power over the approval of new prescription drugs?（分数：1.00）A.President.B.Congress.C.Senate.D.The Food and Drug Administration.Famed singerSteve Wonder cant see h
17、is fans dancing at his concerts. He cant see the hands of his audience as they applaud wildly at the end of his Superstition.Blind from birth, Wonder has waited his whole life for a chance to see. Recently, Wonder visited Mark Humayan, a vision specialist. He thought that a new device currently bein
18、g studied by Humayan might offer him that chance.The device, a retinal prosthesis, is a tiny computer chip implanted inside a patients eye. The chip sends images to the brain and allows some sightless people to see shapes and colors. Wonder hoped the retinal prosthesis might work for him. “Ive alway
19、s said that if ever theres possibility of my seeing,“ said Wonder, “then I would take the challenge.“Unfortunately for Wonder, that challenge will have to wait. Humayan explained that the device isnt ready for people who have been blind since birth. Their brains may not be able to handle signals fro
20、m a retinal prosthesis because their brains have never handled signals from a healthy eye.However the retinal prosthesis and other devices show great promise in helping many other sightless people who once had vision see again. Perhaps one day soon, some formerly sightless people may be in Wonders a
21、udience looking upand seeing himfor the very first time.Wonders willingness to take part in retinal prosthesis studies and the results of those studies are giving new hope to people who thought they would be blind for the rest of their lives. More than one million people in the United States are con
22、sidered legally blind, meaning that their eye- sight is severely impaired. Another one million are totally blind.Two types of specialized cells in the retinarods and conesare critical for proper vision. Light enters the eye and falls on the rods and cones in the retina. Those cells convert the light
23、 to electrical signals, which travel through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets those signals as visual images. Rods detect light at low levels of illumination. For instance, rods allow you to see faint shadows in dim moonlight. Cones, on the other hand, are most sensitive to color.S
24、ome diseases can damage cells in the retina. For instance, macular degeneration causes blind ness and other vision problems in 700,000 people in the United States each year. The condition i caused by a lack of adequate blood supply to the central part of the retina. Without blood, the rods, cones, a
25、nd other cells in the retina die.Devices such as the retinal prosthesis wont prevent or cure our eye diseases, but they ma help patients who have eye disorders regain some of their vision. Different forms of retinal presto sis are currently being developed. On one type, a tiny computer chip is embed
26、ded in the eye The chip has a grid of about 2,500 light-sensing elements called pixels.Light entering the eye strikes the pixels, which convert the light into electrical signals. The pixels then send the electrical signals to nerve cells, behind the retina. Those cells send signals vi the optic nerv
27、e to the brain for interpretation.Many people who have had a retinal prosthesis implanted say they can see shapes, colors and movements that they couldnt see before. “It was great,“ said Harold Churchey, who n ceived his retinal prosthesis 15 years after he became totally blind. “To see light after
28、so longwas just wonderful. It was just like switching a light on.“（分数：5.00）(1).Why did Steve Wonder visit Mark Humayan?（分数：1.00）A.He thought Marks device might recover his eyesight.B.He thought Mark might need his help in developing the device.C.He thought Mark might want to listen to his Superstiti
29、on.D.He thought Mark might implant a chip into his right eye.(2).Whom is Marks retinal prosthesis ready for?（分数：1.00）A.For those who: have been blind from birth.B.For those who still have faint vision.C.For the blind who once had eyesight.D.For those who still have one healthy eye.(3).For detecting
30、colors, we depend, in the first place, on _.（分数：1.00）A.interpretation by the brainB.cones of the retinaC.rods of the retinaD.optic nerve(4).Why does macular degeneration cause blindness and other vision problems?（分数：1.00）A.Maoular degeneration causes improper interpretation by the brain.B.Macular de
31、generation makes the retina less sensitive to the light.C.Maeular degeneration changes the functions of rods and cones.D.Macular degeneration causes inadequate supply of blood in the retina.(5).Which of the following statements about the function of retinal prosthesis is true according to the passag
32、e?（分数：1.00）A.It eau prevent some eye disorders.B.It can cure some eye disorders.C.It can help recover eyesight to some degree.D.It can repair the damaged cones.“For all you know, I might have a tremendous burning talent,“ warns the heroine of Brief Encounter, as the camera pans on to a serenading la
33、dy cellist in a teashop trio. “Oh dear, no,“ comes the reply, “youre too sane and uncomplicated.“For a place where talent rarely falls below combustion point, the Royal College of Music is good at not encouraging the cinema stereotype of what it means to be an artist. In fact, the college is too clo
34、se to the profession it serves to be anything but a breeding ground of serious hard work: theres not time, and very little room for temperament. The proof of industry is quite audible on weekdays during term, when the whole building generates a comfortable din of uncoordinated noise, as pervasive as
35、 the English academic smell of polished and cooked cabbage that haunts the corridors.The overall impression is that the college has outgrown its premises as well as its sound-proofing, even though the building in Prince Consort Road has been extended twice. A hundred years ago, when the Royal Colleg
36、e came into official existence, it was on a much smaller scale and housed in what is now the Royal College of Organists-a florid piece of 19th-century fantasy beside the Altert Hall.Most students come here straight from school, which is often at a younger age than the current director, Sir David Wil
37、lcocks, would like, “Singers in particular we encourage to come later, because the voice doesnt really develop until 20 -23. But in practice we accept people before then, rather than see them go elsewhere. If you tell someone to come back in three years time, and he goes off and gets a good job, why
38、 should he then risk giving it up to become a student?“Willcocks likes to keep his students for as long as possible, and one of the major policy decisions taken since he came to the college in 1974 has been to increase the length of the basic performers course by a fourth year. “The only ones who co
39、uld properly go into the profession after three years are wind players, because their standards are astonishingly high these days. Other- wise, my advice is usually to stay here for four years and then perhaps take a specialist course abroad.The most critical recommendation of allfor a student to ab
40、andon the idea of a professional performing careeris one that Willcocks rarely has to make. Its in the nature of a conservatoire that progress, or lack of it, is public knowledge; and, given some sensitivity to the competition, most students find their own level without having to be told, “You know
41、when you ye done well,“ said one battle-scarred soprano, “because nobody speaks to you.“In fact the great majority do carry on with music after they leave the college, but not necessarily in the form they had expected. Conductors may end up repetiteurs in provincial opera houses; solo singers may be
42、 swept into the chorus; some are absorbed by arts administration or the BBC, and many become teachers. In all cases, even those who give up music altogether, Willcocks is insistent that they havent failed: “Music is a discipline in itself, a training of the mind.“（分数：5.00）(1).The speaker in Brief En
43、counter did not believe the heroine could be an artist because she was not_.（分数：1.00）A.well trained in n musical academyB.too sensitive and pureC.talented as she herself had describedD.temperamental enough to be an artist(2).What impression is given by the Royal College of Music on a normal working
44、day?（分数：1.00）A.Its a place of diligent work reflected in students practice.B.Its a place of stale smells and loud noise.C.Its a crowded place with bad living conditions.D.Its a good place to produce obedient students.(3).Sir David Willcocks policy in accepting students is to_.（分数：1.00）A.encourage po
45、tential singersB.give students time to develop their abilityC.make the course last as long as possibleD.ask singers to come after they are 20 or 23 years old(4).It is seldom necessary for Sir David Willcocks to recommend that students should give up music because_.（分数：1.00）A.students may tell those
46、who have no talent to give up musicB.he thinks that it is important for everyone to get training in musicC.they realize themselves what their real standard isD.students wont follow his advice(5).Most students at the Royal College of Music_.（分数：1.00）A.achieve what they had originally plannedB.become
47、secondary singersC.finally give up musicD.adapt their ambitions to circumstancesRadiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bones and
48、 radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American.The Iargcst single source of man-made radiation is medical X rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test
49、fallout, since strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire life- time. The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation, beginning with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which reported in 1958: “Even the smallest amounts of radiation are liable to cause deleterious genetic and perhaps a
