【考研类试卷】考博英语-260及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-260 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx.The toothed whales or odontocetes (sperm whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales, or mysticetes. In

2、this country observers have recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mysticetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the sounds themselves. Al

3、though comparison of the sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet be made, it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mysticetes, in fact, to a degree unsurpassed by any other mammalian group.（分数：

4、8.00）(1).Which of the following animals has the most highly developed auditory center in the brain?（分数：2.00）A.Elephants.B.Humpback whales.C.Racoons.D.Sperm whales.(2).The noises produced by whales _.（分数：2.00）A.are produced in the upper part of the windpipeB.are louder than those of other sea animals

5、C.are used to locate their matesD.can be heard only by other whales(3).According to the information given _.（分数：2.00）A.porpoises have vocal cords but right whales do notB.Russians report vocal cords in five species of whalesC.there is a correlation between vocal cords and auditory areas of the brain

6、D.whales do not have vocal cords(4).In which of the following is the auditory center of the brain most highly developed?（分数：2.00）A.Humpback whale.B.Right whale.C.Sperm whale.D.Whalebone whalThen felt like some watcher of the skiesWhen a new planet swims into his ken,Or like stout Cortez, when with e

7、agle eyesHe stared at the Pacific-and all his menLooked at each other with a wild surmise-Silent, upon a peak in Darien.-KeatsWith these well-loved lines John Keats recognized the most important geographical event in all the world, excepting only the feat of the Admiral Columbus himself. It was the

8、discovery by European men of a vast sheet of water covering nearly 40 per cent of the globe-the ocean later to be named Pacific by Ferdinand Magellan because of its seeming tranquility. It is too bad that Keats beautiful lines erred in naming stout Cortez instead of the equally stout Balboa, a hero

9、of much courage and perseverance.Too bad it was, too, for the immortal Vasco Nunez de Balboa, that communications in his day were so slow and uncertain. Had they been better he might well have avoided losing his head for his pains in bringing renown to Spain and incalculable new knowledge to the civ

10、ilized world. For lose it he did, under the axe at the insance of a jealous governor.（分数：8.00）(1).The author quotes the six lines from John Keats poem to call attention to _.（分数：2.00）A.the beauty of the poetryB.Keats historical errorC.the vastness of the PacificD.the silence in Darien(2).The Pacific

11、 Ocean _.（分数：2.00）A.is the largest ocean in the worldB.is placidC.was first seen by man when Balboa looked at itD.was seen by Columbus(3).Balboa was _.（分数：2.00）A.mistaken for CortezB.a member of Magellans crewC.decapitatedD.slow and uncertain(4).The feeling described by Keats may best be described a

12、s one of _.（分数：2.00）A.amazementB.silenceC.aweD.admirationThe range in frequencies of musical sounds is approximately 20-20,000 cycles per second (cy/sec). Some people can hear higher frequencies khan others. Longitudinal waves whose frequencies are higher than those within the audible range are call

13、ed ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic frequencies are used in sonar for such purposes as submarine detection and depth finding. Ultrasonic frequencies are also being tried for sterilizing food since these frequencies kill some bacteria. Sound waves of all frequencies in the audible range travel at t

14、he same speed in the same medium. In the audible range, the higher the frequency of the sound the higher is the pitch. The term supersonic refers to speed greater than sound. An airplane traveling at supersonic speed is moving at a speed greater than the speed of sound in air at that temperature. Ma

15、ch 1 means a speed equal to that of sound. Mach 2 means a speed equal to twice that of sound, etc.Musical sounds have three basic characteristics: pitch, loudness, and quality or timbre. As was indicated above, pitch is determined largely by the frequency of the wave reaching the ear. The higher the

16、 frequency the higher is the pitch. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the wave reaching the ear. For a given frequency, the greater the amplitude of the wave the louder the sound. To discuss quality of sound we need to clarify the concept of overtones. Sounds are produced by vibrating objects. If

17、 these objects are given a gentle push, they usually vibrate at one definite frequency producing a pure tone. This is the way a tuning fork is usually used. When objects vibrate freely after a force is momentarily applied, they are said to produce their natural frequency. Some objects, like strings

18、and air columns, can vibrate naturally at more than one frequency at a time. The lowest frequency which an object can produce when vibrating freely is known as the objects fundamental frequency. Other frequencies that the object can produce are known as its overtones. The quality of a sound depends

19、on the number and relative amplitude of the overtones present in the wave reaching the ear.（分数：8.00）(1).A soprano would probably have a frequency of _.（分数：2.00）A.200 cy/seeB.5,000 cy/secC.10,000 cy/secD.20,000 cy/sec(2).The timbre of a musical sound is dependent on its _.（分数：2.00）A.fundamentalB.ampl

20、itudeC.frequencyD.overtones(3).Which of the following individuals would likely use terms like Mach 5 or Mach 9?（分数：2.00）A.Jet pilot.B.Musician.C.Astronaut.D.Submarine navigator.(4).Ultrasonic frequencies are _.（分数：2.00）A.inaudibleB.excessively fastC.characterized by a great amplitudeD.death raysTher

21、e are exceptions to the rule of male insects being smaller than the females, and some of these exceptions are intelligible. Size and strength would be an advantage to the males which fight for the possession of the females, and in these cases, as with the stag-beetle (Lucanus), the males are larger

22、than the females. There are, however, other beetles which are not known to fight together, of which the males exceed the females in size, and the meaning of this fact is not known, but in some of these cases, as with the huge Dynastes and Megasoma, we can at least see that there would be no necessit

23、y for the males to be smaller than the females, in order to be matured before them, for these beetles are not short-lived, and there would be ample time for the pairing of the sexes.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, _.（分数：2.00）A.male insects are always smaller than femalesB.in a given species na

24、ture provides differences between sexes to insure successful reproductionC.size and strength protect females from other femalesD.longevity is characteristic of the Dynastes and Megasoma(2).Where male beetles are smaller than female beetles, it is because _.（分数：2.00）A.they have to fight for their mat

25、esB.they are more intelligentC.they are ephemeral creaturesD.there is ample time for mating(3).The paragraph preceding this one probably _.（分数：2.00）A.discusses a generalization about the size of animalsB.develops the idea that male insects do not live long after maturityC.discusses male and female b

26、eetlesD.emphasizes that beetles are belligerent animals(4).The male Lucanus is particularly _.（分数：2.00）A.adaptableB.strongC.intelligentD.belligerentAgreeable to your request, I send you my reasons for thinking that our northeast storms in North America begin first, in point of time, in the southwest

27、 parts: that is to say, the air in Georgia, the farthest of our colonies to the Southwest, begins to move southewesterly before the air of Carolina, begins to move southwesterly before the air of Carolina, which is the next colony northeastward. The air of Carolina has the same motion before the air

28、 of Virginia, which lies still more northeastward, and so on northeasterly through Pennsylvania, New York, New England, the air next the chimney flows in to supply its place, moving towards the chimney. And, in consequence, the rest of the air successively, quite back to the door. Thus to produce ou

29、r northeast storms, I suppose some great heat and rarefaction of the air in or about the Gulf of Mexico. The air thence rising has its place supplied by the next more northern, cooler, and therefore denser and heavier, air. That being in motion is followed by the next more northern air, in a success

30、ive current, to which current our coast and inland ridge of mountains give the direction of northeast, as they lie N.E. and S. W.（分数：8.00）(1).Of the following, this passage was most likely written by _.（分数：2.00）A.a 19th-century meteorologistB.Sir Isaac NewtonC.Benjamin FranklinD.an American pioneer(

31、2).The authors account of northeastern storms _.（分数：2.00）A.is a good example of deductive reasoningB.draws inferences from observationsC.is based exclusively on evidence obtained by study and observationD.proves his theory conclusively(3).The references to the “great heat and rarefaction of the air

32、in or about the Gulf of Mexico“ provides an explanation of the storms _.（分数：2.00）A.intensityB.durationC.temperatureD.path(4).By “rarefaction“ of the air, the author means _.（分数：2.00）A.reduction of the density of the airB.purification of the airC.removal of oxygen from the airD.the rising of the air二

33、、Part English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：20.00)21. The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all t

34、hose things that, in the aggregate, we call “civilization“, including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. 22. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is

35、continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analy

36、sis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny“-meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilize

37、d ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a

38、child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. 23. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if soci

39、ety had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago: 24. While it is never safe to affirm that

40、 the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all

41、the phenomena which come under our notice The future truths of Physical Science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.（分数：20.00）_三、Part Chinese-Engli(总题数：2，分数：20.00)1.1我们都相信人总是要死的，一盏烛光总有一天要熄灭的，我认为这感觉是好的。它使我们清醒，使我们悲哀，它也使某些人感到一些诗意。此外还有一层最为重要：它使我们能够坚定意志，去想过一种合理的、真实的生活，随时使我们感悟到自己的缺点。它也使我们心

42、中安宁，因为一个人的心中有了那种接受恶劣遭遇的准备，才能够获得安宁。（分数：10.00）_2.2绝大多数人是不会把“欺骗”一词和科学联系在一起的。如今科学受到如此尊重，原因之一在于科学家的形象是一个冷静地收集数据、不带任何偏见、寻找真理的人。在辩论中，不管谈的是关于智力、学校教育、偏见，还是能量，通常说一声“科学上是这么说的”，对方就不作声了。但是，很久以来，科学界一直承认“欺骗因素”的存在，即许多科学家倾向于将数据加工以获取想要得到的结果。在当今科学界的几乎每一个有争议的领域，种族与智力的论战，核能的辩论等等，都可以见到这种倾向。因此，我们既要倾听“科学”对事物的看法，又不能毫不怀疑地接受。

43、（分数：10.00）_四、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.1人才外流是一种普遍的现象。2分析人才外流的原因。3请提出一些防止人才外流的建议。（分数：20.00）_考博英语-260 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx.The toothed whales or odontocetes (sper

44、m whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales, or mysticetes. In this country observers have recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mysticetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone

45、 whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the sounds themselves. Although comparison of the sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet be made, it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontoce

46、tes than in the mysticetes, in fact, to a degree unsurpassed by any other mammalian group.（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following animals has the most highly developed auditory center in the brain?（分数：2.00）A.Elephants.B.Humpback whales.C.Racoons.D.Sperm whales. 解析：巨头鲸的大脑具有非常发达的听觉中枢。答案的依据是：it is interest

47、ing to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mystieetes。在这个句子中，术语 odontocetes指 sperm whales(巨头鲸)。(2).The noises produced by whales _.（分数：2.00）A.are produced in the upper part of the windpipe B.are louder than those of other sea animalsC.are used to locate their matesD.can be heard only by other whales解析：鲸鱼的声音是由上呼吸道发出的。第一段说，尽管鲸目动物缺乏声带，但发出的声音无疑还是以咽喉为中心的。(3).According to the informatio