【考研类试卷】考博英语-138及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-138 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.（分数：0.50）A.occasionallyB.simultaneouslyC.eventuallyD.promptly2.Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their

2、 full _.（分数：0.50）A.capacityB.strengthC.lengthD.possibility3.I hate people who _ the end of a film that you havent seen before.（分数：0.50）A.revealB.rewriteC.reviseD.reverse4.The English language contains a(n) _ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.（分数：0.50）A.altitudeB.l

3、atitudeC.multitudeD.attitude5.Recently the car factory had to carry out personnel _ because of financial trouble.（分数：0.50）A.cutsB.demandsC.reductionsD.orders6._ of over 5% are attractive if the dollar really is going to stabilize.（分数：0.50）A.ManufacturesB.YieldsC.CreatingD.Receiving7.You cannot be _

4、careful when you drive a car.（分数：0.50）A.veryB.soC.tooD.enough8.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _ the color of his skin.（分数：0.50）A.with the exception ofB.in the light ofC.by virtue ofD.regardless of9.The old couple decided to _ a boy and a girl though they had three

5、children of their own.（分数：0.50）A.adaptB.bringC.receiveD.adopt10.Hes watching TV? Hes _ to be cleaning his room.（分数：0.50）A.knownB.supposedC.regardedD.considered11.Its a serious crime that people _ goods out of China to avoid paying customs duty.（分数：0.50）A.shipB.smuggleC.launchD.load12.The government

6、is trying to do something to _ better understanding between the two countries.（分数：0.50）A.raiseB.promoteC.heightenD.increase13.One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U. S. is that they have taken great _ to educate their children. A. efforts R pains C. attempts D. endeavors（分数：0.50）A

7、.B.C.D.14.If any man here does not agree with me, he should _ his own plan for tm- proving the living conditions of these people.（分数：0.50）A.put onB.put outC.put inD.put forward15.Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would _ be able to walk.（分数：0.50）A.in no timeB.by all mean

8、sC.in no wayD.on any account16.The newspaper did not mention the _ of the damage caused by the fire.（分数：0.50）A.rangeB.levelC.extentD.quantity17.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be _ to it.（分数：0.50）A.connectedB.fastenedC.boundD.stuck18.Falling sales and

9、rising overheads have obliged the company to review each customers _ limit.（分数：0.50）A.creditB.currencyC.checkD.certificate19.The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at _ chemists.（分数：0.50）A.eachB.someC.certainD.any20.In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held

10、to one- fifth of the total _ for living expenses.（分数：0.50）A.acceptableB.availableC.advisableD.applicable二、BPart Cloze/(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing

11、influence. TheoriesU (21) /Uon the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behaviorU (22) /Uthey were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior throughU (23) /Uwith others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children c

12、ommit crimes inU (24) /Uto their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,U (25) /Uas a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,U (26) /Uthe fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latt

13、er may commit crimesU (27) /Ulack of adequate pa- rental control. All theories, however, are tentative and areU (28) /Uto criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectlyU (29) /Ujuvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy thatU (30) /Uto fewer job opportunities for youth and

14、rising unemploymentU (31) /Umake gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may inU (32) /Ulead more youths into criminal-behavior. Families have alsoU (33) /Uchanges these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents;U (34) /U, chil

15、dren are likely to have less supervision at homeU (35) /Uwas common m the traditional family structure.（分数：15.00）A.actingB.relyingC.centeringD.commentingA.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.becauseA.interactionB.assimilationC.cooperationD.consultationA.returnB.replyC.referenceD.responseA.orB.but ratherC.butD.or

16、 elseA.consideringB.ignoringC.highlightingD.discardingA.onB.inC.forD.withA.immuneB.resistantC.sensitiveD.subjectA.affectB.reduceC.checkD.reflectA.pointB.leadC.comeD.amountA.in generalB.on averageC.by contrastD.ar lengthA.caseB.shortC.turnD.essenceA.survivedB.noticedC.undertakenD.experiencedA.contrar

17、ilyB.consequentlyC.similarlyD.simultaneouslyA.thanB.thatC.which.D.as三、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPassage 1/BTwo main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and bea

18、ting him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempe

19、red elephant who will give many years of loyal service.The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.

20、There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that th

21、e relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do n

22、ot easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethe

23、red nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on eithe

24、r side.When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its n

25、ew home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from eithe

26、r side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as “ho! my son“, or “ho! my father“, or “my mother“, ac

27、cording to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore th

28、at the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.（分数：10.00）(1).The ill-treatment of an elephant during training _.（分数：2.00）A.can have unpleasant consequences laterB.is the most effective method availableC.increases the time it takes to tram the animalD.ensures loyal s

29、ervice for years to come(2).An elephant will only be trained successfully if _.（分数：2.00）A.the mahout is a responsible personB.elephant calves dont refuse to feedC.the mahout and the elephant get on well togetherD.several trainers are assigned to the job(3).The main attraction of training mature elep

30、hants is _.（分数：2.00）A.early financial returnsB.their willingness to obey their trainersC.the avoidance of anxiety in the elephantD.that elephants are difficult to keep(4).A mature elephant is only subjected to training when _.（分数：2.00）A.it is with other elephantsB.the mahout has established a good r

31、elationship with itC.the animal is feeding normallyD.it needs to be controlled with a sharp pointed stick(5).This passage mainly discusses _.（分数：2.00）A.two techniques used for training elephantsB.the unhumane method used in training elephantsC.how to train the elephantD.through the tough method we c

32、annot train the elephant successfullyBPassage 2/BMen have often been praised by being told that they were as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression “smart as a Philadelphia lawyer“ seems to have come from a famous tr

33、ial early in the 18th century.An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter

34、 Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of t

35、he governors power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published i

36、n the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued.

37、 The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned

38、 to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of pe

39、ople to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised

40、as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression “as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer“ honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the t

41、ruth.（分数：10.00）(1).Many people opposed Governor Cosbys rule because _.（分数：2.00）A.he wanted to make money quicklyB.he was the royal governorC.he was a tyrantD.they were biased(2).John Zinger was arrested _.（分数：2.00）A.because he was smart as a Philadelphia lawyerB.because he criticized the Governor in

42、 the newspaperC.because of his stupidityD.because the Governor was powerful(3).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.In Mr. Hamiltons opinion, only when the words are proved slanderous can the writer of the words proved guilty of slander.B.Mr. Zinger was proved innocent because he cri

43、ticized the tyrannical governor.C.Mr. Zinger made up stories about the governor in the newspaper.D.Nobody wanted to defend Mr. Zinger because he had come from Germany.(4).Mr. Hamilton was considered as a hero because _.（分数：2.00）A.he taught the cruel Governor Cosby a lessonB.his successful defence in

44、 the trialC.he defended the freedom of the press to print the truthD.his courage to defend for John Zinger in spite of the tyrannical Governor(5).The purpose of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.to tell people how the principle of freedom of press was establishedB.to show the significance of the trialC.t

45、o tell people where the expression “as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer“ comes fromD.to tell people something special about the Philadelphia lawyerBPassage 3/BFor scientists who study human evolution, fossil remains provide the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors. Access to these paleoanthro

46、pological Rosetta stones, how- ever, is limited by protective curators who are often reluctant to lend the fragile fossils. And in the case of fossil skulls, nature preserves critical information in the largely in- accessible interior. But help is on the way. At the annual meeting of the American As

47、sociation of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City this past April, researchers discussed how medical imaging, virtual reality and computer-controlled modelling technologies get around these obstacles noninvasively.Three-dimensional medical imaging based on computed tomography (CT) scans was de

48、veloped in the early 1980s. On a computer, surgeons could electronically remove the patients soft tissue and then explore the virtual skull inside and out before operating. It wasnt long before Glenn Conroy of Washington University and his colleagues demonstrated that these same techniques could also be applied to fossils, in which sediments take the place of soft tissue.With advances in computer graphics and computational power, paleoanthropologists can now perform on their computers a wide range of investigations that are impossible to attempt on the original fossil. Mis