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1、 IEEE Recommended Practice for Three-Dimensional (3D) Medical Modeling Sponsored by the Standards Activity Board IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA IEEE Computer Society IEEE Std 3333.2.1-2015 IEEE Std 3333.2.1-2015 IEEE Recommended Practice for Three-Dimensional (3D) Medical Modeling Sp

2、onsor Standards Activities Board of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 16 February 2015 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: The generation and practical use of medical three-dimensional (3D) modeling for diagnostics and therapeutic applications is described in this standard. Volume rendering and surfa

3、ce rendering techniques for 3D reconstruction from two-dimensional (2D) medical images and a texturing method of 3D medical data for realistic visualization are included. Keywords: IEEE 3333.2.1, material properties, medical 3D decimation, medical 3D format, medical 3D reconstruction, medical 3D seg

4、mentation, standard for medical 3D, texture mapping. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 23 March 2015. Printed in the Unit

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33、risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this IEEE recommended practice was completed, the 3D Based Medical Applications Working Group had the following membership: You

34、nglae Moon, Chair Kazuomi Sugamoto, Vice Chair Antonio Di Carlo Daeok Kim Jongmin Kim Jaekeun Kwak Daehyun Lee Alberto Paoluzzi Dongsun Shin The following members of the entity balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

35、Chosun University Hospital Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Haegeon Co. Ltd. Korea Electronics Association (KEA) Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Orthopedic Biomaterial Science Lab. Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica Universi

36、ty of UtahCEDMAV When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 16 February 2015, it had the following membership: John Kulick, Chair Jon Walter Rosdahl, Vice Chair Richard H. Hulett, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Peter Balma Farooq Bari Ted Burse Clint Chapl

37、in Stephen Dukes Jean-Philippe Faure Gary Hoffman Michael Janezic Jeffrey Katz Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov T. W. Olsen Glenn Parsons Ron Petersen Adrian Stephens Peter Sutherland Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Don Wright Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Also included are the follo

38、wing nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Patrick Gibbons IEEE-SA Content Production and Management Soo Kim IEEE-SA Technical Program Operations Malia Zaman IEEE-SA Technical Program Operations Copyright 2015 IEEE. All

39、rights reserved. vi Copyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiIntroduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 3333.2.1-2015, IEEE Recommended Practice for Three-Dimensional (3D) Medical Modeling. Medical images from hospitals consist of a 2D dataset and provide human body information as a

40、slice. The human body has morphological structures in 3D space. To recognize real human organs, the body should be reconstructed using 2D slices to obtain its precise position and shape. In real clinical situations, doctors expend a great deal of time and effort to learn this reconstruction process.

41、 With medical 3D data, we will obtain more information about the human body, as well as more objective data from the simulation, which may contribute to more successful treatment and surgery plans. Copyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiiContents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope . 2 1.

42、3 Purpose 3 2. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms 3 2.1 Definitions . 3 2.2 Abbreviations and acronyms . 4 3. Medical 3D modeling information . 4 3.1 Overview of 3D modeling . 4 3.2 Modeling architecture 6 4. Segmentation 8 4.1 Overview of segmentation . 8 4.2 Segmentation methods . 8 5. Recon

43、struction 12 5.1 Overview of reconstruction . 12 5.2 Surface rendering . 13 5.3 Volume reconstruction. 15 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 18 IEEE Recommended Practice for Three-Dimensional (3D) Medical Modeling IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, securi

44、ty, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices a

45、nd all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and D

46、isclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Background Medical images from hospitals consist of a two-dimensional (2D) dataset and provide human body information as a slice, but the

47、human body has three-dimensional (3D) morphology. If we should simulate this 3D morphology, we might be able to obtain more information about the body as well as contribute in the clinical environment to both treatment and surgical outcomes. Our objective is to generate 3D medical data from 2D image

48、s. Although doctors expend a great deal of time and effort in this process, the resultant 3D data is different in each institute. This protocol, therefore, provides standard, easy, and accurate 3D data for clinical fields and even for industrial markets. A standardized file with 3D medical data, con

49、sidering each data character from a different place, will yield steady quality visualization. Therefore, this standard suggests standardized data including 3D processing techniques. A more realistic 3D model and a basic model are shown in Figure 1. Copyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Std 3333.2.1-2015 IEEE Recommended Practice for Three-Dimensional (3D) Medical Modeling Figure 1 Reconstruction of 3D modeling from medical data generated by a volume- and surface-rendering process 1.2 Scope This standard includes volume- and surface-rendering techniques for 3D