ASTM D7015 D7015M-2018 Standard Practices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils.pdf

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1、Designation: D7015 13D7015/D7015M 18Standard Practices forObtaining Intact Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples ofSoils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7015;D7015/D7015M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case o

2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These practices outline the procedures for obtaining intact block (cubical and cylindrical) s

3、oil samples.1.2 Intact block samples are obtained for laboratory tests to determine the strength, consolidation, permeability, and othergeotechnical engineering or physical properties of the intact soil.1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. Practice A covers cubical block sampling, while Practic

4、e B covers cylindrical blocksampling.1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation and are limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case of largediameter (that is, diameters greater than 34 m) 0.8 m 2.5 ft) bored shafts of circular cross-section in unsaturated soils, for depthsg

5、reater than about 1 to 112 metres meters 3 to 5 ft or depths below the water table, the cost and difficulties of excavating, cribbing,and dewatering generally make block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For these conditions, use of a thin-walled push tubesoil sampler (Practice D1587D1587/D1587

6、M), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D6519), or Hollow-Stem Auger (PracticeD6151D6151/D6151M), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soil core samplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required. Thesepractices do not address environmental sampling; consult Guides D6169 and D6232 for information on sa

7、mpling for environmentalinvestigations.1.5 These practices do not address environmental sampling; consult Guides D6169/D6169M and D6232 for information onsampling for environmental investigations.1.6 Successful sampling of granular materials requires sufficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent coh

8、esion (due to moisturetension (suction) of the soil for it to be isolated in a column shape without undergoing excessive deformations. Additionally, caremust be exercised in the excavation, preservation and transportation of intact samples (see Practice D4220D4220/D4220M, GroupD).1.7 The values stat

9、ed in either SI units or inch-pound units given in brackets are to be regarded as standard. No other unitsof measurement are included in separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining va

10、lues from the two systems may result in nonconformance withthe standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established

11、in PracticeD6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.8.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedure

12、s used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It isbeyond the scope of thi

13、s standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.9 These practices offer a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment

14、. Not all aspects of these practices may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the1 These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

15、 D18.02 on Sampling and RelatedField Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved July 1, 2013Dec. 1, 2018. Published August 2013December 2018. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 asD7015 07.D7015 13. DOI: 10.1520/D7015-13.10.1520/D7015_D7015M-18.This doc

16、ument is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as

17、 appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Unite

18、d States1adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard“ in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.1.10 This s

19、tandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory requirementslimitations

20、 prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations

21、issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B733 Specification for Autocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-Phosphorus Coatings on MetalD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1587D1587/D1587M Practice f

22、or Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by

23、 the Drive-Cylinder MethodD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220D4220/D4220M Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explor

24、ations of Soil and RockD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6151D6151/D6151M Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169D6169/D6169M Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for EnvironmentalI

25、nvestigationsD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydraulically Operated Stationary Piston Sampler3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms in this standar

26、d refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 Intact block samples are suitable for laboratory tests where large-sized samples of intact material are required or where suchsampling is more practical than conventional tube sampling (Practices D1587D1587/D1587M and D6519), or both.4.2 The int

27、act block method of sampling is advantageous where the soil to be sampled is near the ground surface. It is the bestavailable method for obtaining large intact samples of very stiff and brittle soils, partially cemented soils, and some soils containingcoarse gravel.4.3 Excavating a column of soil ma

28、ywill relieve stresses in the soil and may result in some expansion of the soil and acorresponding decrease in its unit weight (density) or increase in sampling disturbance, or both. Usually the expansion is smallin magnitude because of the shallow depth. Stress changes alone can cause enough distur

29、bances in some soils to significantly altertheir engineering properties.4.4 The chain saw has proved advantageous in sampling difficult soils, which are blocky, slickensided, or materials containingalternating layers of hard and soft material.3 The chain saw uses a special carbide-tipped chain.4NOTE

30、 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective sampling.Users o

31、f this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactAST

32、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Tiedemann, D. A., GR-83-8, “Undisturbed Block Sampling Using a Chain Saw,” Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 1983, p. 19.4 USBR 7100-89, “Ob

33、taining Undisturbed Block Samples by the Hand and Chain Saw Methods,” Earth ManualPart 2 , Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 1990, pp.1079-1083.D7015/D7015M 1825. Apparatus5.1 ExcavatingAs shown in Fig. 1, excavating and trimming tools are required. They may include such items as backhoe, pick,shov

34、el, chain saw, trowel, large and small knives, hacksaw blades, thin wire such as piano wire. In addition, a sample containerhaving sufficient strength and rigidity to avoid deformations that could damage the sample.5.1.1 The chain for the chain saw is of standard design except that carbide tips are

35、brazed to the cutting teeth. The chain sawsbar length should be greater than 450 mm.mm 18 in.5.2 For cubical block sampling, a cubical wooden, steel box or any relatively rigid material that can be assembled into a box10 mm to 15 mm larger than the sample side dimensions may be used to contain the c

36、ubical block sample during the requiredcutting process (see Sample container having sufficient strength 7.1.8) or transportation or both. Steel boxes should have some formof protective coating as outlined in 5.3, unless the soil is to be extruded in less than 3 days. The box should be fastened using

37、screws, or bolts and nuts preferable before going to the field to verify that the parts fit together and can be assembled withoutvibrating or otherwise disturbing the sample. Do not use nails or other devices that require hammering to assemble or dissemblethe box.and rigidity to avoid deformations t

38、hat could damage the sample.5.2.1 For cubical block sampling, a cubical wooden, steel box or any relatively rigid material that can be assembled into a box10 mm to 15 mm 0.4 to 0.6 in. larger than the sample dimensions may be used to contain the cubical block sample during therequired cutting proces

39、s (see 7.1.8) or transportation or both. The box should be fastened using screws, or bolts and nuts preferablyFIG. 1 Procedure for Rectangular Block SamplingD7015/D7015M 183before going to the field to verify that the parts fit together and can be assembled without vibrating or otherwise disturbing

40、thesample. Do not use nails or other devices that require hammering to assemble or disassemble the box.5.2.2 For cylindrical block sampling, cylindrical tubes made of steel or any relatively rigid material may be used to contain thecylindrical block sample during the required cutting process (see 7.

41、2.5) or transportation or both. Steel thin-walled tubes asdescribed in Practice D1587/D1587M may also be considered for securing samples. One end of the tube should have a sharpenedcutting edge to assist in cutting the soil. Cylindrical tubes made of PVC pipe should have a minimum sidewall thickness

42、 of no lessthan that of a Schedule 80 pipe (Specification D1785).NOTE 2Experience with thin-wall push tube sampling of soils (Practice D1587/D1587M) indicates disturbance is minimized when the cutting edgeis about 10 degrees or less. This sharp angle is possible with metal tubes, but may not be with

43、 other materials such as PVC, and a sharp angle may notbe critical to hand trimmed samples.5.2.3 Protective CoatingCorrosion, whether from galvanic or chemical reaction, can damage both the thin-walled tube andthe soil sample. Severity of damage is a function of time as well as interaction between t

44、he sample and the steel tubes or boxes.Steel boxes and tubes should have some form of protective coating, unless the soil is to be extruded in less than three days. Thetype of coating to be used may vary depending upon the material to be sampled. Organic or inorganic lubricants like penetratingoil a

45、nd non-stick cooking spray have been used to lubricate steel boxes or tubes prior to sampling and also aid in extrusion andreduce friction. Tubes have been coated with lacquer or epoxy for reuse, but lacquer may not be suitable for longer storage periodsand must be inspected for inside wear.5.2.3.1

46、Stainless steel and brass tubes or boxes are resistant to corrosion. Other types of coatings to be used may vary dependingupon the material to be sampled. Plating of boxes or tubes or alternate base metals may be specified. Galvanized boxes or tubesare often used when long-term storage is required.

47、Plating of the boxes or tubes or alternate base metals may be specified. Ingeneral, the coating should be of sufficient hardness and thickness to resist scratching that can occur from quartz sand particles,Nickel Electroless plating (Specification B733) has been used with good results.5.3 Push Block

48、For cylindrical block sampling, cylindrical tubes made of steel or any relatively rigid material may be usedto contain Any rigid material having sufficient strength and rigidity to avoid deformations when forcing downward the cylindricalblock sample during the required cutting process (see sampler t

49、ube. 7.2.5) or transportation or both. Steel tubes should have someform of protective coating, unless the soil is to be extruded in less than 3 days. The type of coating to be used may vary dependingupon the material to be sampled. Plating of the tubes or alternate base metals may be specified. Galvanized tubes are often usedwhen long-term storage is required. Tubes may be protected with a light coating of lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, or zinc oxide.One end of the tube should have a sharpened cutting edge to assist in cutting the soil. Cylindrical tub