2019高考英语非谓语动词导学案1.doc

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1、1非谓语动词李仕才非谓语动词综合复习课程目标非谓语动词是高考中非常重要的语法知识，是高考的重点和难点，无论在单选、完形填空还是书面表达中，所占分值均很大，学习时要足够重视，将其与谓语动词区分开，掌握其不同形式的用法和区别。一、学习目标1. 非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。2. 非谓语动词不同形式的区别，及其和某些从句的转化。二、重点、难点1. 动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的区别。2. 动词不定式和现在分词作定语、状语的区别。3. 不同形式的非谓语动词的分类和用法。三、考情分析非谓语动词在高考中所占分值很大，学生掌握起来有难度，所以必须重视该语法的学习，重视基本用法，并研究历年关于该语法的高考题

2、。知识梳理一、动名词【用法 1】动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。动名词的形式：语态形式 主动语态 被动语态一般式（与谓语动词的动作同时发生） doing being done完成式（谓语动词的动作发生之前） having done having been done【例句】Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。【考题链接】1. 大声朗读是很有帮助的。is very helpful.2. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。We have to prevent the

3、 air from . 答案：1. Reading aloud 2. being polluted【用法 2】1. 动名词能在句中作主语（当动名词短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语） 、表语、定语。2. 动名词能在句中作宾语（注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语。此外，动名词2作宾语时，若后接宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语 it） 。【例句】They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 （宾语）He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 （定语）【考题链接】1. Something as

4、simple as _ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. A. to eat B. eating C. to be eating D. eaten答案：B解题思路：空格前的 as 为介词，其后的动词应用动名词形式。句意：童年时像吃蔬菜这样简单的事也许后来会帮助你预防严重的疾病。2. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. A. Being exposed B. ExposedC.

5、 Having exposed D. After being exposed答案：A解题思路：考查动名词短语作主语的用法。因为 expose 为及物动词，且后面没有宾语，要用其被动形式。句意为：暴露在日光下太久会对皮肤有害。 二、现在分词【用法 1】现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。现在分词的形式：现在 及物动词 write 不及物动词 go分词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态一般式 writing being written going完成式 having written having been written having gone1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主

6、动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。【例句】They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。【考题链接】因为被蛇咬过，她很害怕它。_ _ _ by a snake, she was frightened at it. 答案：Having

7、 been bitten【用法 2】1）作定语：当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语作定语，则放在名词后。【例句】In the following years he worked even harder. 3在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。注意：现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years 可改为 in the years that followed, the man speaki

8、ng 可改为 the man who is speaking. 2）作表语【例句】The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家影院上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。3）作宾语补足语【例句】Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。4）作状语【例句】（While）Working in

9、the factory, he was an advanced worker. （时间状语）在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。Being a League member, he is always helping others. （原因状语）由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 （伴随状语）（If）Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. （条件状语）要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。He dropped the glass, brea

10、king it into pieces. （结果状语）他把杯子 掉了，结果摔得粉碎。Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. （让步状语）虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。【考题链接】Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. A. struggling B. struggledC. having struggled D. to struggle答案：C解题思路：句意：迪娜努力了好

11、几个月，想找一份侍者的工作，终于在当地的一家广告公司找到了一个职位。现在分词的完成式“having struggled”作状语， “struggle”的动作发生在主句的动作“took”之前，所以选 C。【用法 3】与逻辑主语构成独立主格；有时也可用 with（without）+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式。 【例句】I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等公交车时，一只鸟落到我头4上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票都已卖光，

12、他们失望地离开了。【考题链接】With water _ constantly, the brave soldier jumped into the river to save the drowning villager. A. to rise B. rising C. risen D. rose答案：B解题思路：考查非谓语动词的用法。句意为：水位不断上升，那位勇敢的士兵跳入河里去救溺水的村民。句中 water 和动词 rise 间为主动关系，故用现在分词。练习1. A citizen in Henan made a big fortune by winning first prize in a

13、 lottery, _ a large sum to charity. A. donated B. to donate C. donating D. having donated答案：C解题思路：考查非谓语动词。句意：河南一市民通过买彩票获得一等奖发了大财，从而向慈善机构捐了一大笔钱。donate 和 a citizen 之间是主谓关系。因此用现在分词形式，并且捐钱应发生在中彩票之后，由此可排除 D 项，因此选 C。 2. We didnt find the Blacks _ the lecture. No one had told them about _ a lecture the fol

14、lowing day. A. to attend; there to be B. attending; there beingC. attended; there be D. attend; there was答案：B解题思路：考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语和宾语。句意：我们没有发现布莱克夫妇出席演讲。没人告诉他们第二天有演讲。attending 短语作宾语补足语；there being 动名词复合结构作介词 about 的宾语。3. Nowadays many people keep on the move, _ there to be better-paid jobs. A. to hope

15、B. hoping C. expecting D. to expect答案：C解题思路：考查现在分词作伴随状语。句意：现如今大家都在不断地流动，希望有薪水更好的工作。现在分词作伴随状语，sb. expect to do sth.，而 hope 无此搭配。4. _ us a definite answer cant solve the problem. I agree with you. Someone must have a talk with him. A. Avoiding to give B. Avoiding givingC. He avoided giving D. His avoi

16、ding giving答案：D解题思路：考查动名词复合结构作主语。上句句意：他避免给我们确定的回答并不能解决问题。5. to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.5A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked答案：A解题思路：考查非谓语动词。句意为：我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。非谓语动词和逻辑主语 I 之间是被动关系，且所表达的动作发生在谓语动词missed 之前，故应用现在分词的完成被动形式。having been aske

17、d 既表被动，又表完成，在句中作原因状语；to ask 表主动和目的；having asked 表完成和主动；to be asked 表被动和目的。故选 A。三、动词不定式、现在分词、动名词以及过去分词的区别【用法 1】不定式和动名词作主语1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象的动作，而不定式作主语表示具体的动作。2）不同的句式：动词不定式：Its adj. / n. for / of sb. to do sth. 动名词：It is no use, no good（fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time）doing sth.【例句】It is important

18、for us to learn English well. 我们学好英语是很重要的。It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收【考题链接】No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better silent.A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain答案：D解题思路：考查非谓语动词。句意为：不管你是一个多么聪明的健谈者，有时你最好保持沉默。it is+ adj.+ to do 是常用句型，it 作形

19、式主语，真正的主语是不定式；it is+ adj.+ doing 只用于一些固定句型，如 its no use/no good/uselessdoing。故选D。【用法 2】不定式和动名词作宾语1）介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语。 2）有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别：forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing 忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing 记得做过某事（已做）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事

20、情）like / love / hate / prefer to do 表示具体行为；doing sth. 表示抽象、倾向喜好。3）动名词和动词不定式作宾语的几个特殊句式动名词：There is no use（good / point / sense / harm）doing sth. 做某事没用（不好/没意义/没害处）have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun 6（in）doing 动词不定式：do / did / doesnothing/anything/everything but（excep

21、t）动词原形，如果谓语动词不是 do / did / does，but（except）所接的不定式须带 to。【考题链接】1. In the accident, he was lucky to escape _. A. killing B. to be killing C. killed D. being killed答案：D解题思路：考查动名词短语作宾语的用法。此处为“逃脱被杀” ，要用被动形式，且根据习惯，句中 escape 后要用动词的-ing 形式。句意：在这次事故中，他幸运地逃生。2. I remembered the door before I left the office, b

22、ut forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked答案：B解题思路：考查非谓语动词。句意为：在离开办公室前我记住了锁门，但是忘记了关灯。remember to do sth.意为“记住要去做某事” ，remember doing sth.意为“记得以前做过某事” 。本题是对发生在过去的情况的客观陈述，根据 but 可知前后是互相对立的两件事情，即“记住了锁门而忘记了关灯” ，故选择 B 项。【用法 3】不定式、动名词和分词作定语1）单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前，

23、但修饰不定代词时后置；非谓语动词短语作定语一般要放在名词后。2）不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别如 下：to do sth. 与被修饰的名词有主谓关系；动宾关系；名词doing sth.正在进行的动作；经常性的动作或现在（或当时）的状态；即将发生的动作to be done 表示将要被做done 表示已经完成的或表被动的动作being done 表示正在发生的被动动作【例句】The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. 明天要开的会很重要。The meeting being held now is important. 现在正在开的这个会很重要。Th

24、e meeting held yesterday was important. 昨天开的那个会议很重要。【考题链接】1. This restaurant, _by an old couple, has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack. A. owning B. to own C. having owned D. owned答案：D解题思路：句意：这个属于一对老夫妇的餐馆，有一种许多餐馆所缺乏的有魅力的，像家一样的气氛。分析句子结构可知，own 与 this restaurant 构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且“_

25、by an old couple”作 this restaurant 的后置定语，故用 own 的过去分词形式，选 D。72. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library. A. repaired B. being repairedC. repairing D. to be repaired答案：D解题思路：句意：这座城市里的很多建筑物需要修理，但是首先需要修理的是图书馆。to be repaired 作 the one 的定语，既表将来，又表被动，A 项表过去和完成，B 项表进行，

26、C 项表主动，均不合题意。【用法 4】非谓语动词作状语的区别1. 不定式作状语（多表示目的、原因或结果） ；某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐，后接不定式表示原因。2. 分词作状语1）分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。2）分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。【例句】He sat down to have a rest. 他坐下来休息一下。 （表目的）He was astonished to hear the news. 听到那个消息

27、他感到震惊。 （表原因）Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （条件）如果我有机会，我会让全世界感到惊讶。The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. （结果）杯子掉到地上，摔碎了。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. （让步）虽然他被多次告知，但他仍然犯同样的错误。The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. （伴随状况）老师走

28、进了实验室，身后跟着一些学生。【考题链接】In summer, food will go bad if _ in room temperature. A. leaving B. left C. being left D. having left答案：B 解题思路：考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：在夏天，食物处于室温下会变质。根据句意“食物被放在室温下” ，故用过去分词。【用法 5】非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别非谓语动词形式 宾语补足语的动作情况 宾语与宾补的逻辑关系现在分词 正在进行 主动关系过去分词 完成、状态或动作的全过程 被动关系不定式 将要发生的动作 主动关系【例句】Tom had his

29、 leg broken while playing football. 汤姆在踢足球的时候把腿摔断了。8The peasants had the tractors working day and night at the harvest time. 收获时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。With much homework to do, he had to stay at home on weekends. 因为有许多作业要做，他不得不周末待在家里。【考题链接】I have had my bike_, and Im going to have somebody _ my radio tomor

30、row. A. repair; to repair B. repairing; to be repairedC. repaired; repair D. to repair; repairing答案：C解题思路：考查非谓语动词的用法。第一个空 bike 和 repair 之间为被动关系，故用过去分词；第二个空中 somebody 与 repair 间为主动关系，用省略 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。句意为：我已找人修理自行车，明天我将找人修收音机。练习1. The old professor told us every part of the materials should be made u

31、se of _ the power station.A. to build B. building C. build D. built答案：A解题思路：本题考查非谓语动词。把题干还原为以下结构：make use of every part of the materials to build the power station，由此可见， make use of 的宾语是 every part of the materials，其后的不定式 to build the power station 为目的状语。句意：这个老教授告诉我们这些材料都应该用来修建电站。2. I felt it a grea

32、t honour _ to speak to you.A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked答案：C解题思路：本题考查动词不定式作主语和 it 的用法。句中的 it 为形式主语，不定式 to be asked to speak to you 为真正的主语，因“我 ”与 ask 间为被动关系，故用被动式。句意：被要求和你谈话，我感到莫大的荣幸。3. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.A. rem

33、inding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind答案：C解题思路：本题考查非谓语动词的用法。remind sb. of sth.使某人记起某事，此处的 sb.为 himself，himself 提前，因此 remind 要用过去分词表被动，在此作宾补。句意：Michael 把姚明的照片贴在床边，使他一直记起自己的梦想。4. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _regularly，can improve our health.A. being carried out B. carry

34、ing out C. carried out D. to carry out答案：C解题思路：考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语 exercise 与 carry out 之间构成动宾关系，故用 carry out 的过去分词形式 carried out，此处相当于 if the exercise is carried 9out regularly 的省略，所以答案选 C 项。句意：实验表明，如果经常做适当的锻炼，就能改善我们的健康。5. The room _ 10 metres across is large enough for a single man to live in.A. measurin

35、g B. measures C. to be measured D. measured答案：A解题思路：考查非谓语动词。measure 作动词“量起来，有长（宽，高等） ”讲时，无被动语态。此处的现在分词短语作后置定语。易错选 D。认为 measure 为及物动词和其修饰的词 the room 之间为被动关系而误选过去分词。句意：那个 10 米宽的房间对居住一个单身男子来说是足够大的。6. The noise from the top floor, loud and constant, of the meeting room _ can be clearly heard in our classroom.A. being decorated B. having been decoratedC. to be decorated D. decorated答案：A解题思路：考查非谓语动词作定语。会议室和装修之间存在被动关系，又由语境知此处强调正在进行，故选 A。易错选 D。D 项强调被动、完成，和句子语境矛盾。句意：在我们教室能清晰地听到顶楼会议室装修的声音，既刺耳又连续不断。