2019届中考英语复习第二篇中考语法专项第26课动词基础知识.docx

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1、1第 26 课 动词课堂突破一、动词的形式大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。（一）第三人称单数形式的构成一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，其变化规则与名词单数变复数的方法大体相同。具体见下表：规则变化 动词原形 第三人称单数形式及读音一般动词在词尾加-s；-s 在清辅音后读/s/，-s 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/workgrowworks/s/grows/z/以 s, x, ch, sh 或 o 结尾的动词加-es；-es 读/Iz/，o 后的-es 读/z/fixcatchpushgokissfixes/Iz/ca

2、tches/Iz/pushes/Iz/goes/z/kisses/Iz/以字母 e 结尾的动词，直接加-s；-s 读/z/或/s/ridelikerides/z/likes/s/2以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，改 y 为 i，再加-es；-ies 读/Iz/studycarrystudies/Iz/carries/Iz/以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词，直接加-s；-s 读/z/playsayplays/z/says/z/（二）现在分词的构成规则变化 动词原形 现在分词一般在动词后加-ing help work helping working以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，先去 e 再加-ingw

3、rite move writing moving以 y 结尾的动词，直接加-ing play study playing studying以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ingput sit run cut get begindrop stopputting sitting runningcutting getting beginningdropping stopping以 ie 结尾的动词，一般将 ie 改为 y，再加-inglie die tie lying dying tying（三）过去式和过去分词的构成规则变化 动词原形 过去式、过去分词及其读音一般在动词词尾加-

4、ed； ask askedasked/t/3-ed 在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音和元音后读/d/，在 t/d 后读/Id/answerwantneedansweredanswered/d/wantedwanted/Id/neededneeded/Id/以不发音的 e 结尾的动词，直接加-d；-d 在浊辅音和元音后读/d/，在清辅音后读/t/lovedancelovedloved/d/danceddanced/t/以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，把 y 变为 i，再加-ed；-ied 读/Id/worrystudyworriedworried/Id/studiedstudied/Id/以“元音字母

5、+y”结尾的动词，直接加-ed；-d 读/d/playstayplayedplayed/d/stayedstayed/d/以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed；-ed 在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音和元音后读/d/，在 t/d 后读/Id/stopplandroppreferstoppedstopped/t/plannedplanned/d/droppeddropped/t/preferredpreferred/d/【活学活用】用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Do you know the boy_（wear） glasses over there?42. My sister

6、likes reading the novels_（write） by Mo Yan.3. I found a wallet_（lie） on the ground on my way to school yesterday.4. The lemon juice_（taste） sweet and sour after adding some honey. It is delicious.5. The cup_（drop） and broke.二、动词的分类及物动词（vt.） 跟宾语 like, write。如：He likes music. 他喜欢音乐。实义动词（v.）不及物动词（vi.）不

7、跟宾语 rain, come。如：It rained heavily yesterday. 昨天雨下得很大。系动词（link v.）跟名词或形容词作表语be, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, become, turn, seem, keep, stay。如：I am a student. 我是一个学生。He felt excited. 他感到很兴奋。be （+doing）帮助构成进行时态be （+done）帮助构成被动语态have/had （+done）帮助构成完成时态do, does 帮助构成一般现在时态的疑问句或否定句动词的分类助动词（aux. v.）跟动

8、词原形或分词（本身无意义）did 帮助构成一般过去时态的疑问句或否定句5will, shall, would, should 帮助构成将来时态情态动词（modal v.）跟动词原形（有意义）can, may, must, need, could, might, should三、情态动词的用法概念 情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能与其后的动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气，用来表达建议、请求、可能或意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词后必须跟动词原形。常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, need, shall, w

9、ill, should, would 及半情态动词 had better, have to。can, could 的用法1. 表示能力，表示“能；会；能够” 。如：We can use the computer now, but we couldnt two months ago. 现在我们会用电脑了，但两个月前我们不会。He could ride a bike when he was four. 他 4 岁就会骑自行车了。2. 表示可能性，常用于否定句或疑问句中。如：Today is Sunday, so he cant be at school. 今天是星期天，所以他不可能在学校。3. 表

10、示允许，口语中常用 may 代替。如：You can/may use my car. 你可以用我的小汽车。can, could 的用法4. could 虽然是 can 的过去式，但在口语中 could 常代替 can 表示委婉地提出请求，并不表示过去的时态，主要用于疑问句中。如：Could you be here at eight oclock tomorrow morning? 明天上午 8 点你能来这儿吗？用法may, might 的用法1. 表示许可，意为“可以” 。如：You may leave now. 现在你可以走了。2. May I.? 表示请求许可，否定回答用 mustnt，表

11、示“不可以；禁止” 。如：May I borrow your bike?我可以借你的自行车吗？Yes, you may./No, you mustnt. 是的，你可6以。/不，你不可以。3. 表示推测，意为“可能；或许” 。如：I cant find my ruler. 我找不到我的尺子。It may be in your pencil box. 它可能在你的铅笔盒里。4. 用在祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!祝你成功！5. may 的过去式 might 表示的语气更加委婉、客气。如： Might I use your pen for a while? 我可以用一会儿你的

12、钢笔吗？must 的用法 1. must 作“必须；应该”讲，表示必要性；mustnt 则表示“不应该；不许” 。如：You must buy a ticket. 你必须买票。You mustnt play on the road. 你不许在马路上玩。2. must 作“一定”讲，表示肯定的猜测（否定猜测用 cant，意为“不可能” ） 。如：These must be Lucys clothes. 这些一定是露西的衣服。 （对现在情况的推测）Tom must be watching TV at home. 汤姆一定是在家看电视。 （对现在正在发生的事情的推测）She must have se

13、en the movie. 她一定看过这部电影。 （对过去情况的推测）注：回答 Must.?引出的疑问句时，肯定回答用 must，否定回答不能用mustnt，而要用 neednt 或 dont have to。如：Must you finish your homework today? 你今天必须完成作业吗？Yes, I must./No, I neednt. 是的，我必须。/不，我不必。need 的用法 need 作情态动词，意为“需要” ，主要用于一般疑问句和否定句，其肯定回7答用 must，否定回答用 neednt。如：Need I finish the work today? 我需要今

14、天完成这项工作吗？Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 是的，你必须完成。/不，你不必。拓展：need 用作及物动词，其后的宾语可以是名词、动词不定式、动名词、代词。用法与其他行为动词一样，有人称和数的变化。如：Does he need to wash his hands? 他需要洗手吗？Yes, he does./No, he doesnt. 是的，他需要。/不，他不需要。shall, should的用法1. shall 用作情态动词，常用于一般疑问句，与第一人称连用，表示征求意见或看法。如：Shall we meet at the school gate tomor

15、row morning? 明天早上我们在学校门口见面好吗？2. should 用作情态动词，表示劝告或建议，意为“应该” ，表示必要性。不可看作 shall 的过去式。如：We should be strict in all our work. 我们应该严格要求我们所有的工作。will, would 的用法1. 表示必然性。如：Fish will die without water. 没有了水，鱼就会死去。2. 表达意愿或意志。如：Well help him if he asks us for help. 如果他向我们寻求帮助，我们会帮他。I promise that I would do m

16、y best. 我答应你，我会尽全力。3. 询问对方的意愿或提出请求，常与 like, love 连用，主要用于疑问句中。如：Would you like another cup of coffee? 你想再喝一杯咖啡吗？Will you go with me? 你愿意和我一起去吗？8【活学活用】用适当的情态动词填空。1. Must I finish all the homework this evening?No, you_. Tomorrow is Saturday, and you have enough time for it.2. People_ drive after drinki

17、ng alcohol（酒）. Its against the law.3. Do you have any plans for this summer vacation?Im not sure. I_ take a trip to Taiwan.4. Jill looks so painful. There_ be something wrong with her.5. Look at that girl!Is it Judy?No, it_ be her. She is still in London.四、短语动词概念 动词跟一个或两个介词或副词构成固定词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种

18、动词词组叫短语动词。动词+介词（后需加宾语） 1. arrive in/at 到达 2. ask for 要求 3. begin with. 以开始4. be from. 从来 5. be about 大约 6. believe in 相信7. depend on/upon 依靠 8. get to 到达 9. look for 寻找10. laugh at 嘲笑 11. send for 派人去请 12. wait for等待分类动词 及物动词+副词（后需加 1. carry out 执行 2. find out 查明 3. give up 放弃9+副词宾语，宾语为代词时放中间）4. han

19、d in 上交 5. look up 查找 6. pick up 捡起7. put on 穿上 8. put off 推迟 9. ring up 给打电话10. set up 建立 11. take off 脱下 12. turn off 关掉13. turn on 打开 14. think over 考虑不及物短语动词（后不加宾语）1. get up 起床 2. give in 屈服 3. go on 继续4. grow up 成长 5. look out 小心 6. show off 炫耀7. set off/out 出发 8. stand up 起立 9. take off 起飞10.

20、wake up 醒来动词+副词+介词（后需加宾语）1. get on/along with. 与相处 2. catch up with 赶上；跟上3. come up to 走近 4. go on with 继续5. look down upon/on 看不起 6. look forward to 盼望动词+名词+介词（后需加宾语）1. take part in 参加 2. make fun of 取笑3. make use of 利用 4. make friends with. 和交朋友5. shake hands with. 和握手 6. take care of照料常用动词短语look

21、1. look for 寻找 2. look after 照顾 3. look over 查看4. look forward to 盼望；向往 5. look at 看着 6. look up 抬头看；10查（字典）7. look into 调查 8. look out 当心 9. look out of. 从往外看10. look like 看起来像 11. look the same 看起来一样 12. look through 透过看；浏览put 1. put off 推迟 2. put on 穿上；上演；增加 3. put away 把收起来4. put out 扑灭 5. put d

22、own 写下 6. put back 放回7. put up 举起；建造；张贴turn 1. turn on 打开 2. turn off 关掉 3. turn up 调高（音量）4. turn down 调低（音量） 5. turn to 朝向 6. turn into 变成7. turn over 翻开；翻转 8. turn.into.把变成get 1. get on/along （well） with sb. 与某人相处（融洽） 2. get up 起床3. get on 上车（船、飞机、马） 4. get off 下车（船、飞机、马） 5. get back 回去6. get back

23、 to 回到 7. get away 离开；逃脱 8. get down 下来9. get home 到家 10. get into 进入；陷入 11. get out （of.）（从）出去12. get to 到达 13. get together 聚会take 1. take off（飞机）起飞；脱掉（衣服） 2. take away 拿走3. take out 取出 4. take pride in. 对感到自豪归纳go 1. go over 温习；复习 2. go into 走进 3. go out 出去；熄灭4. go away 走开 5. go back 回去；回顾 6. go b

24、y（时间）流逝；从旁11经过7. go down 下降；下沉 8. go on 继续 9. go through 经历10. go to school 去上学 11. go home 回家 12. go to the doctor 去看医生make 1. make a decision 做决定 2. make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事3. make a mistake 犯错误 4. make progress 取得进步5. make friends with. 与交朋友 6. make up 编造；虚构；打扮；构成；组成7. make a face 做鬼脸come 1. come

25、along 一道来 2. come in 进来 3. come into 进入 4. come out出来；出版5. come down 下来 6. come from 来自 7. come back 回来 8. come across 偶然遇到9. come over 过来 10. come home 回家 11. come into use 开始使用12. come on 快点；得啦；跟着来；加油give 1. give up 放弃 2. give off 放出；发出（气体、气味、烟雾、光、水、热等）3. give out 精疲力竭；累倒；耗尽；用完；分发 4. give away 泄露；

26、赠送5. give in 屈服；让步；投降be 1. be friendly/kind to. 对友好 2. be different from. 与不同3. be afraid of 害怕 4. be popular with. 受欢迎125. be interested in. 对感兴趣 6. be strict with sb. 对某人严格7. be strict in sth.对某事严格 8. be famous/known as. 作为有名9. be famous/known for. 因著名 10. be surprised at. 对惊讶11. be pleased with.

27、对满意 12. be proud of. 对感到自豪13. be polite/impolite to. 对有礼貌/不礼貌 14. be thankful/grateful to. 对感激15. be good for. 对有好处 16. be good at 擅长于17. be made up of. 由构成 18. be angry with. 对生气19. be busy with 忙于 20. be full of/filled with 装满；充满21. be late for. 迟到 22. be covered with. 用覆盖【活学活用】根据汉语提示完成句子。1. The f

28、ilm I saw yesterday_ me_（使我想起） the days when I was with my grandparents in the countryside.2. Here is the book. First_（浏览） the book, and then tell me what you think of it.3. Its impolite to cut in line while you are_（等待） a bus at the bus stop.4. There was a fire in the hotel at midnight last Friday.

29、 Luckily, it was soon_（扑灭）.135. When you visit a museum, you should_（注意） the instructions and not be against them.当堂检测一、用方框中所给短语的适当形式填空，每个短语限用一次。take off pick up put off hurry up come out 1. （2018嘉兴、舟山）My son_ a tool and began helping.2. A new book by Mo Yan will_ soon.Really? I cant wait to buy one

30、!3. Our school had to_ the soccer games be-cause of the bad weather, which made students frustrated.4. Our plane is_ in a few minutes. Please be seated and keep your safe belt fastened.5._, you guys!You dont want to miss the train, do you?二、根据短文内容和所给汉语提示，在空白处写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。（2018绍兴市越城区中考模拟）Professo

31、r Stephen Hawking died at the 1_（年纪） of 76.He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work will live on for many years. His courage and humor inspired people 2_（遍及） the world.Hawking also discovered that black holes are not3_（完全） black but emit radiation（释放辐射） and will probably 4_（消失） a

32、t last.Unluckily, the ALS disease left Hawking wheelchair-bound and paralyzed. He was able to move only a few5_（手指） on one hand and was always dependent on 6_（别人） or on technologybathing, dressing, eating 14and even speech.Most people value both his scientific achievements and his spiritual power. H

33、e said, “I have been 7_（幸运的） that my condition has progressed more slowly than it is often the case. But it shows that one 8_（不必）lose hope.”He used to say to his children, “9_（永不） give up work. Work gives you meaning and purpose and life is empty if you dont have it. Whats more, if you find love aro

34、und you, remember it is there and you shouldnt 10_（抛弃） it away.”We will miss him forever.15参考答案课堂突破一、1. wearing 2. written 3. lying 4. tastes5. dropped 三、1. neednt 2. mustnt 3. may/might 4. must5. cant四、1. reminded, of 2. look through 3. waiting for 4. put out 5. pay attention to当堂检测一、1. picked up2. come out 【解析】此处 come out 意为“出版” 。3. put off4. taking off 【解析】由句意理解可知飞机要起飞了。take off 意为“（飞机）起飞；脱下” 。5. Hurry up二、1. age 2. across 3. completely 4. disappear5. fingers 6. others 7. lucky 8. neednt 9. Never 10. throw16