SAE ARP 4163-2003 Balancing Machines Tooling Design Criteria《平衡试验机 工具作业设计准则》.pdf

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1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref

2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi

3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out

4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP4163AEROSPACERECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP4163Issued 2003-10Reaffirmed 2016-05Balancing Machines

5、: Tooling Design CriteriaRATIONALEARP4163 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy.FOREWORD Tooling for balancing machines is a complex subject with many requirements that have been developed over a considerable period of time. The definition of balancing tooling covers a w

6、ide range of items from drive shafts and bearings to complete fixtures for locating engine modules. This document was prepared by the SAE EG-1A committee, it supersedes ARP1382. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 5 1.1 Purpose5 1.2 Equipment Selection for Specific Applications.5 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.5 2.

7、1 SAE Publications6 3. METHODS OF ROTOR SUPPORT IN A HORIZONTAL BALANCING MACHINE6 3.1 Twin-Roller Bearings6 3.2 V-type Bearings7 3.3 Engine Bearings.7 3.4 Slave Bearings.8 3.5 Slave Races.8 3.6 Sleeve Bearings.8 3.7 Swivel Bearing Bridges 9 3.8 Negative Load Devices 9 3.8.1 Purpose9 3.8.2 Types of

8、Negative Load Devices .10 3.9 Axial Thrust Stops (End Stops, Thrust Arrestors) 10 3.9.1 Purpose10 3.9.2 Mounting of Axial Thrust Stops 10 3.9.3 Types of Axial Thrust Stops .11 4. CRADLES, STATOR TOOLING, AND TIEBARS 11 4.1 Purpose11 4.2 Design Prerequisites12 4.3 Machine and Rotor Interface12 4.4 En

9、gine Stators: Assembly Balancing .13 4.5 Tie Bars13 4.5.1 Use of Rollers With Tie Bars14 5. DRIVE TOOLING - DIRECT AND BELT14 5.1 General Design 14 5.2 Balancing .15 5.3 Material 15 5.4 Mounting Interface .15 5.5 Rotor Connection .15 5.6 Rotation Direction.16 5.7 End-Drive Interface Dimensions 16 5.

10、8 Belt - Drive Pulley Interface17 5.8.1 Pulley Mounting Location.17 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 2 OF 47TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 5.8.2 Drive Surface .17 5.9 Drive Adapter Assemblies - Balancing, and Unbalance Error Introduced17 5.9.1 Balancing an End Drive Adapter as Separate Entity17 5.9.2 Balanc

11、ing an End-Drive U-joint Drive Shaft and Adapter While Assembled to a Rotor .18 5.9.3 Balancing a Belt-Drive Pulley While Assembled to a Rotor .18 5.9.4 Alternate Method for Balancing an Adapter or Pulley While Assembled to a Rotor .18 6. BALANCING ARBORS FOR HORIZONTAL BALANCING MACHINES19 6.1 Gene

12、ral Design and Purpose.19 6.2 Construction.19 6.3 Arbor With Journals19 6.4 Arbor With Bearings.19 6.5 Cartridge Type Arbor20 6.6 Correction Planes.20 6.7 Maintenance.20 6.8 Loading 20 6.9 Loading Support.21 6.10 Rotor Removal .21 6.11 Rotor Location21 6.12 Rotor Angular Location 21 6.13 Removable P

13、arts21 7. ADAPTERS FOR VERTICAL BALANCING MACHINES.21 7.1 General Design and Purpose.21 7.2 Rotor Location22 7.3 Rotor Clamping 22 7.4 Arbor Balance 22 7.5 Torque Transmission .22 7.6 Rotation Direction.22 7.7 Concentricity 22 7.8 Tooling Repeatability22 7.9 Runout Compensation .23 7.10 Rotor Center

14、ing23 8. BALANCE 23 8.1 Arbor Balance 23 8.2 Index Balancing23 8.3 Runout Compensation .24 8.4 Index Check .24 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 3 OF 47TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 9. PILOT FLANGE CONFIGURATION 24 9.1 Rotor Coupling .24 9.2 Location Diameter25 APPENDIX A TOOLING ERROR .26 APPENDIX B BALANC

15、ING OF TOOLING34 APPENDIX C BIASING OF TOOLING37 APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF VARIOUS BALANCE TOOLING CONFIGURATIONS, THEIR ADVANTAGES, AND LIMITATIONS 38 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 4 OF 471. SCOPE: This document establishes general design criteria, tolerances, and limits of application for tooling, fixture

16、s and accessories for mounting and driving gas turbine engine rotors on horizontal and vertical balancing machines. For your own safety, while using balancing tooling, regard the safety instructions of the individual supplier. 1.1 Purpose: The purpose of this document is to provide a set of tooling

17、and fixture design parameters for balancing machine tooling that will facilitate the understanding of the high degree of readout accuracy and precision balance required for turbine engine rotors, and will assist in achieving compliance with the testing requirements as listed in applicable ARP specif

18、ications for balancing. 1.2 Equipment Selection for Specific Applications: Rotor type, size, mass, moment of inertia, windage, and balance tolerance are determining factors in the selection of both the balancing machine and the required tooling. This document describes tooling and accessories to ada

19、pt the engine component to the balancing machine. Balancing machines for gas turbines are defined and specified in ARP587, ARP588, ARP4048, and ARP4050. These documents include details of standard machine classes that cover most engine sizes and should be used to assist with selection of an appropri

20、ate balancing machine. These specifications also define the standard interfaces for rotor support and drive. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS: The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of othe

21、r publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a sp

22、ecific exemption has been obtained. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 5 OF 472.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. ARP587 Balancing Machines - Description and Evaluation, Horizontal, Two-Plane, Soft Bearing Type for Gas Turbine Rotors ARP588 Balancing M

23、achines - Description and Evaluation, Vertical, Single-Plane, Soft Bearing Type for Gas Turbine Rotors ARP1202A Balancing Machines, Dynamic, Ball Bearing Type Slave Bearings for Rotor Support ARP4048 Balancing Machines - Description and Evaluation, Horizontal, Two-Plane, Hard Bearing Type for Gas Tu

24、rbine Rotors ARP4050 Balancing Machines - Description and Evaluation, Vertical, Two-Plane, Hard Bearing Type for Gas Turbine Rotors ARP4162 Balancing Machine Proving Rotors ARP5323 Balancing Machines - Description and Evaluation, Vertical, Single Plane, Hard Bearing Type, for Gas Turbine Rotors 3. M

25、ETHODS OF ROTOR SUPPORT IN A HORIZONTAL BALANCING MACHINE: 3.1 Twin-Roller Bearings: A twin-roller bearing assembly supports a rotor journal on a pair of rollers mounted to a plate or carriage, which attaches to the balancing machine support. Crowned outer surfaces of the rollers are required unless

26、 spherical self-adjusting bearings are used or a tiebar or frame, permitting precise alignment, connects the roller supports. Twin-roller bearing supports are usually adjustable to accommodate a range of journal diameters. To eliminate the influence of any eccentricity or unbalance of the rollers on

27、 the unbalance measurements the roller diameter should differ from the journal diameter by more than 10%. The roller bearing alignment affects the axial thrust of the rotor, and consequently can adversely affect the unbalance measurement. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 6 OF 47FIGURE 1 3.2 V-type Bearings

28、: V-type bearings support the rotor journal or bearing by two point contact. These bearings are typically used for light loads, or for supporting rotors in their own bearings. 3.3 Engine Bearings: Engine bearings can be used for balancing rotor assemblies. Their large radial clearance at ambient tem

29、perature adversely affects balancing accuracy. FIGURE 2 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 7 OF 473.4 Slave Bearings: Rolling element bearings used in place of engine bearings to support the rotor in the balancing machine. Slave bearings are variants of engine bearings designed to have minimum clearances at

30、ambient temperature. In the case of roller bearings the engine bearing inner race and rollers may be used in conjunction with a slave bearing outer race (reference ARP1202A for additional information). 3.5 Slave Races: Precision inner races that are mounted on engine journals to protect the journal

31、surfaces from damage during the balancing process. 3.6 Sleeve Bearings: Sleeve type bearings are non-rotating journal supports which are fitted to specific journals. Sleeve bearings may be self-lubricating, or have a liquid or gaseous supporting medium. Contact area, alignment, and overall stiffness

32、, including the stiffness of the supporting medium, are critical factors in sleeve bearing design. FIGURE 3 - Bearing Support With Sleeve Gas or Hydrostatic Bearings SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 8 OF 473.7 Swivel Bearing Bridges: Balancing machines conforming to the requirements of ARP587 and ARP4048 c

33、an be fitted with swivel bearing bridges with semicircular bearing halves (also called “saddle bearings“, or “half shell bearings“) to support a cradle and/or rotor. Swivel bearing bridges enable the balancing machine to give correct two plane unbalance readings when operated with cradles, stators,

34、or tiebars. Swivel bearing bridges provide torsional freedom about a vertical axis established by a line passing through the center of the support and perpendicular to the machine bed. Torsional freedom is required to de-couple forces resulting from bearing swash (bearing track not perpendicular to

35、the shaft axis) from the measuring system. If the bearing bridges are rigidly connected by a cradle and/or rotor the measuring system can only detect static unbalance, but with an apparent couple unbalance due to the coupling of bearing swash into the measuring system. Such apparent couple unbalance

36、 readings do not respond to mass corrections and vary inversely with balancing speed. FIGURE 4 - Swivel Bearing Insert 3.8 Negative Load Devices: 3.8.1 Purpose: Rotors with their center of gravity outboard of the balance machine supports generate a negative or upward force at one support. These roto

37、rs must be restrained with a negative load device. This device must be attached to the vibrating part of the support, must not restrict its movement, and must be able to absorb the negative load specified in ARP587 or ARP4048. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 9 OF 473.8.2 Types of Negative Load Devices: 3.

38、8.2.1 Negative Load Bearing With Single Roller: This is usually furnished as a machine accessory and is designed for a range of journal sizes. Pressure applied by the negative load roller assembly is used to maintain rotor journal contact with both of the rollers of the twin roller bearing assembly.

39、 3.8.2.2 Negative Load Bearing With Twin Rollers: An inverted twin roller bearing can be used as a negative load device. NOTE: This device cannot be used in positive load applications. NOTE: To eliminate any influence on the unbalance measurements of eccentricity, or unbalance, of any rollers in con

40、tact with the bearing journals, the roller diameter should differ from the journal diameter, usually by more than 10%. FIGURE 5 - Twin Roller Negative Load Device 3.8.2.3 Sleeve Bearings: Full sleeve bearings may also be used as negative load devices if they are designed to accept upward forces (see

41、 3.6, Figure 3). 3.9 Axial Thrust Stops (End Stops, Thrust Arrestors): 3.9.1 Purpose: When a rotor is driven by belt drive, or by compressed air drive, the axial motion of the rotor must be controlled. If the support bearings do not include integral thrust bearings then axial thrust stops must be pr

42、ovided. 3.9.2 Mounting of Axial Thrust Stops: Any axial thrust stop should preferably be attached to the vibrating part of the balancing machine support and should be adjustable in both axial and radial directions. The axial thrust stop should have minimum effect on the free rotation of the rotor. T

43、he contact area between the rotor and the axial thrust stop should be smooth, as close as possible to, and square with the rotor axis of rotation. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 10 OF 473.9.3 Types of Axial Thrust Stops: There are different designs of axial thrust stops. A typical design using an antifri

44、ction bearing at the end of an adjustable rod is shown in Figure 6. FIGURE 6 - Axial Thrust Stop 4. CRADLES, STATOR TOOLING, AND TIEBARS: 4.1 Purpose: Cradles, and stator tooling, are used in a balancing machine, to support a rotor with engine bearings or slave bearings, and maintain precise alignme

45、nt of these bearings to the shaft axis. Engine stators need tooling to enable mounting to the balancing machine swivel bearings and this effectively makes the stator and tooling assembly into a cradle. Tie bars may be used when there is a requirement to maintain alignment of rotor bearings mounted d

46、irectly in swivel bearing bridges. NOTE: Many hard bearing balancing machines can function without tiebars. The balancing machine manufacturers recommendations should be followed if there is any doubt over requirements. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4163 11 OF 474.2 Design Prerequisites: The design of cradle

47、s, stator tooling or tiebars take into account the following: a. Workpiece weight and dimensions, including location of correction planes, method of correction, and balance tolerances. b. Required balancing speed and drive power. c. Method of drive and location of drive surfaces. d. Balancing machin

48、e capacity, including workpiece envelope and interface dimensions, minimum achievable residual unbalance, type of drive, speed range and drive power, and weight/speed capacity. Cradles, stator tooling, and tie bars must be sufficiently rigid to prevent distortion due to unbalance forces and to preve

49、nt resonance at or near the balancing speed. They should be as light as practical to have minimum parasitic mass. 4.3 Machine and Rotor Interface: Cradles mount to balancing machine bearing inserts (saddle bearing, swivel bearing, or half shell types that have torsional freedom) and must conform to the dimensional requirements of ARP587, Figure 1, or to ARP4048 Appendix A. To facilitate loading of the rotor bearings into the cradle i