NAVY MIL-HDBK-201 B CHG NOTICE 1-1992 PETROLEUM OPERATIONS《石油操作》.pdf

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1、MIL-HDBK-ZOlB(SA) NOTICE 1 1 OCTOBER 1992 MIL-HDBK-20 1 B (SA) 23 SEPTEMBER 1971 SUPERSEDING 12 MAY 1961 MIL-HDBK-20 1A MILITARY HANDBOOK PETROLEUM OPERATIONS AMSC N/A FSC 91GP DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduct

2、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-20LB CHG NOTICE I m 7997770 0097578 715 NOTICE OF CHANGE MIL-HDBK-201B(SA) NOTICE 1 1 October 1992 MILITARY HANDBOOK PETROLEUM OPERAT IONS TO ALL HOLDERS OF MIL-HDBK-201B(SA), FORMALLY MIL-HDBK-201B: l. THE FOLLOWING PAGES OF MIL-HDBK

3、-201B(SA) HAVE BEEN REVISED: NEW PAGE DATE SUPERSEDED PAGE DATE COVER 1 October 1932 COVER 23 SEPTEMBER 1971 Backside 23 September 1971 Backside REPRINT WITHOUT CHANGE 99 23 September 1971 99 REPRINT WITHOUT CHANGE 100 1 October 1992 100 23 SEPTEMBER 1971 2. RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABL

4、E OF CONTENTS. 3. Holders of MIL-HDBK-201B(SA) will verify that page change and additions indicated above have been entered. This page will be retained as a check sheet. This issuance, together with appended pages, is a separate publication. Each notice is to be retained by stocking points until the

5、 military handbook is completely revised or canceled. Preparing Activity Navy - SA Agent DLA - PS (PROJECT-91GP1043) AMSC N/A FSC 91GP DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens

6、e from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-20LB CHG NOTICE L m 9999970 0099602 T76 m , MIL-HDBK-201 B OFFICE OF- THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Washington. D. C. 20301 1. Ths handbook has been approved by the Department of Defensc and IS for use by the Departments of the Army. the Navy. and the however, it is reco

7、mmended that those who are interested in such details obtain a copy of the Army Technical Manual RM 10-1165 entitled “significance of ASTM Tests for Petroleum Products”. 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-“ - MIL-HDBK-201 B 23 Septembe

8、r 1971 2.3 PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS. The principal products to be received, stored, and issued at military installations include Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO), Navy Distillate Fuel, Burner Fuels, Diesel Fuels, Kerosene, Aviation and Automotive Gasolines, Jet Fuels, Lubricating Oils, Greases, and other rela

9、ted products. Specifications for these prod- ucts are listed in the Defense Fuel Supply Centers “Reference List of Specifications - and Standards for SECTION II. 2.4 FUEL OIL, BURNER. a. General. Fuel oils described herein are other than those used primarily for internal com- bustion engines. Shippi

10、ng and handling of fuel oils requires as much attention as the more highly refined petroleum products to insure they are delivered at destination in good clean condition. Fuels in general use are of the fol- lowing types (1) distillate, both cracked and straight run, (2) residual, cracked and straig

11、ht run, (3) blends of the preceding types. b . Types and Grades. l. Fuel Oil, Burner, MIL-F-859. (a) General. One grade of burner fuel, Navy Special is intended for use in steam powered vessels of the Navy and in other Government vessels as required. 2. Fuel Oil, Burner, Federal Spec. V V-F-81 5. (a

12、) General. This type of fuel oil is in- tended for use in oil-burner equipment for the generation of steam and for other purposes. (b) This Federal Specification provides for six grades: (1) Grade No. I. A light distillate oil in- tended for use in burners of the va- porizing type in which the oil i

13、s converted to a vapor by contact with a heated surface or by radiation. (2) Grade No. 2. A heavier distillate than grade No. 1. It is intended for 2 - - Petroleum and Related Products”. For exact specific- ation requirements and values, refer to the latest revision of the applicable specifications

14、and to MIL- HDBK-200, Quality Surveillance Handbook for Fuels, use in atomizing-type burners which spray the oil into a combustion chamber where the tiny droplets burn while in suspension. (3) Grade No. 4. Usually a light residual but sometimes a heavy distillate. It is intended for use in burners e

15、quipped with devices that atomize oils of higher viscosity then domestic burners can handle. Its permissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped and atomized at relatively low storage temperatures. Thus, ex- cept in extremely cold weather, it requires no preheating for handling. (4) Grade No, 5 (

16、Light). A residual fuel of intermediate viscosity for burners capable of handling fuel more viscous than grade No. 4 without preheating. Preheating may be necessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colder climates for handling, (5) Grade No. 5 (Heavy). A residual fuel more viscous than

17、grade No, 5 (Light). It is intended for similar service. Preheating may be necessary in some types of equipment for burn- ing and in colder climates for handling. (6) Grade No. 6. A high viscosity oil, sometimes referred to as “Bunker C”, and used mostly in commercial and industrial heating. It requ

18、ires preheat- ing in the storage tank to permit pumping and additional preheating at Lubricants and Related Products. MIL-HDBK-200 I sets forth general instructions and minimum proce- dures to be utilized in the quality surveillance of U.S. Government owned fuels and lubricants and related I product

19、s world-wide. 1 I I I FUELS 1 I I I I I I i I )I I I I . I Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-201B 23 September 1971 structure drastically rearranged in the crack- ing process, continue to undergo slow chemi- cal change after th

20、ey have cooled; this change is accelerated by heating. This problem arises particularly where the fuel has to be stored for some time, and various tests have been devised for examining oil of this nature. 4. Compatibility. Since approved Navy Special fuel oils are compatible with one another, they s

21、hould not be blended with diesel fuels or other products, and should be stored in the burner to permit atmomizing. The extra equipment and main- tenance required to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in small installations. c, Properties and Characteristics. The most im- portant properties of

22、 burner fuel oils from standpoint of operation are viscosity, flash point, stability, compafibility, water and sedi- ment, and flammability. 1. fiscosi. Viscosity is more significant or the heavier grades of fuel oils than it is for the lighter grades. Limits are generally set to help maintain unifo

23、rm fuel flow in appli- ances with gravity flow, or to provide satis- factory atomization in small nozzles of household heating burners. Some burners are dependent on the fuel for lubrication, there- fore a minimum viscosity is specified. With the heavier grades, preheating is generally required to c

24、ontrol its viscosity in order to provide good atomization in a given type of burner. In addition, it is equally important that the maximum viscosity under the exist- ing conditions of temperature and pressure be such that the oiI can be pumped satis- factorily from the storage tank to the pre- heate

25、r. Navy Special is a relatively free flowing liquid which can be stored and trans- ferred in mild climates with little or no heating. 2. Flash Point. Relatively high flash points are desirable for safe handling and use of burner fuel oils. The minimum permissible flash point is usually set by variou

26、s regulatory bodies and is based on accepted practice in handling and use. It may also be used to detect contamination as a substantially lower flash point is a reliable indicator that a product has become contaminated with a more volatile product, such as gasoline. 3. Stability. Most fuel oils obta

27、ined by simple distillation of crude oil are as stable as the crude oil from which they are derived. When cracked fuel oils first came into general use, troubles from thermal instability soon de- veloped. The most serious effect is the for- mation of adherent deposits in oil heaters. The cracked oil

28、s, having had their molecular T“ P tanks which are reserved only for this prod- uct. The stability and compatibility may be seriously affected by admixing with diesel fuels, especially those diesel fuels composed of highly paraffinic stocks, and may cause formation of heavy deposits in the oil pre-

29、heaters or sludging in the fuel storage tanks. Contamination of diesel fuel oil by boiler fuel oil is even more serious and cannot be tolerated. Separate piping must be used for these two products to avoid such contamina- tion. Water and Sediment. For distillate fuel oils there should be no problem

30、involving con- taminants such as water and sediment, The heavier grades of residua1 fuel will usually contain a measurable amount of one or both due to the nature of the product and condi- tions of storage. Any appreciable amount of sediment results in strainer blockage, fouling of burner tips, line

31、s, etc., and may cause deposition of soot, formation of smoke, etc. Excessive water content, caused by careless handling, accident, or during marine ship- ment, is objectionable because of foaming in storage tanks where heating to relatively high temperatures is necessary for viscosity reduc- tion.

32、The water may vary from “free“ water which will settle out if given sufficient time, to stable emulsions which will not settle out, Flammability. Because of their relatively high flash poinfs, burner fuel oils are not flammable at ordinary temperatures. When fuel oil is stored at a temperature well

33、below its flash point, its vapor, though combustible in nature, is too dilufed to ignite or burn. In other words, the vapor-air mixture in a tank of fuel oil at a temperature sufficiently 3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-201

34、 B 23 September 1971 under its flash point is below the lower limit of explosibility. A difference in temperature of 15F under the flash point will usually provide the needed safety factor. However, to maintain this degree of safety, maximum precautions should be taken to avoid mixing volatile fuels

35、 such as gasoline, kerosene, etc. with burner fuels. 2.5 FUEL OIL, DIESEL. a. General. 1. Diesel fuels are used in compression ignition engines in which air enters the engine at atmospheric pressure or is forced in under higher pressures by a pump or blower. The engine develops power by internal com

36、bus- tion in the same way as a gasoline engine, but differs in the way the fuel is ignited. In a- gasoline engine, gasoline is mixed with fresh air in a carburetor and ignited in the cylinder by an electric spark. In a diesel engine, fuel is injected into a combustion space through an injection nozz

37、le which breaks up the fuel into a fine spray and fuel vapor which is ignited by the heat of the air in the cylinder. The air obtains its heat as a result of being compressed by the piston. 2. Diesel fuels are used to operate compression ignition engines in submarines, destroyer escorts, landing cra

38、ft, auxiliary equipment aboard larger craft as well as buses, heavy trucks, tractors, railroad diesel locomotives, stationary plants, and in other auxiliary units. b . Types and Grades l. Federal Specification VV-F-800, Fuel Oil, Diesel (a) Grade DF-A (Arctic). This grade is in- tended for use in hi

39、gh speed automotive type diesel engines and in pot type burner space heaters, in areas where mean ambient temperatures lower than minus 25F occur, and where it is im- practical to obtain or store both diesel and burner fuels. It should not be used for slow-speed stationary engines. (b) Grade DF4 (Wi

40、nter). This grade is in- tended for use in high speed automotive 4 , service in areas in which ambient tem- peratures as low as minus 25F occur. It may be used for medium-speed station- ary engine applications, where fuel heat- ing facilities are not available. (c) Grade DF-2 (Regular). This grade i

41、s in- tended for use in all automotive high- speed diesel engines and in medium- speed applications in areas in which the ambient temperatures are above 0F. 2. MIL-F-1 6884 Fuel Oil, Diesel (a) This specification covers a marine diesel fuel oil suitable for use in compression ignition engines in sub

42、marines and ship- board operations at all temperatures above 10“F, - c. Properties and Characteristics. The most im- U portant properties are flash point, viscosity, I pour point, cloud point, and its cleanliness I (water, sediment, and ash contents), ignition quality, volatility, distillation and s

43、ulfur con- I tent. The properties of fuel oils having con- siderable influence on the performance and re- liability of a diesel engine are summarized as follows: l. Flash Point. A fuel having an excessively low flash point is dangerous in storage and handling. 2. Viscosity. Lubrication of the parts

44、in the fuel injection system depends entirely upon the fuel oil, and therefore its viscosity can- not be below a certain minimum value. 3. Pour Point. This is of particular importance for cold-starting an engine, and for handling an oil between storage and engine. A diesel fuel does not ordinarily h

45、ave to be heated before use, but if the pour point is too high some warming of this producf may be re- quired. 4. Ash and Sediment. Appreciable amounts tend to cause trouble in burner mechanisms. 5. Ignition Quality. This property not only de- termines the ease of ignition and of starting cold-engin

46、es, but also the kind of com- bustion obtained from the fuel. The higher the cetane number, the easier the starting even at low temperatures, together with I I “I Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.6 FUEL, NAVY DISTILLATE. a. General.

47、Navy Distillate (ND) fuel is one grade of distillate fuel intended for fleet use in desig- nated marine power plants. 2.7 KEROSENE. a. General, Kerosene is used in space heating units, wick-fed lamps, bomb-type flares, wiping down certain machinery, cleaning tools, and as a vehicle for liquid insect

48、icide sprays. b. Types and Grades. There is but one regular grade of kerosene carried in the military supply system. Federal Specification W-K-211. (NOTE: Kerosene prepared for use as avehicle for liquid insecticide sprays is a deodorized kerosene covered by Federal Specification W-K-200). c. Proper

49、ties and characteristics. The most im- portant properties from standpoint of Oper- ation are burning qualities, distillation, and flash point. 1. Burning qualities. Kerosene should bum with a steady, clear flame in wick lamps. When used in stoves, it should vaporize com- pletely but not to the extent that it will form explosive mixtures with air. 2. Distillation. A good grade of kerosene gen- erally has a boiling range between 300 F and 572 F, so t