IMO T138E-2011 MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS.pdf

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1、 Model course 1.38MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS2011 EditionLondon, 2011T138E_prelims.indd 1 9/20/2011 8:03:51 AMFirst published in 2011 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR www.imo.orgPrinted by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YYISBN: 978-92-801-1538-3IMO

2、 PUBLICATIONSales number: T138EAcKNoWledGeMeNTsThis course is based on the IMO mission and strategy to care for the marine environment and to address the importance of the human element in pollution prevention. It is based on STCW Code requirements and is connected to the ISM Code.The course was pre

3、pared by ProSea Foundation, marine education. It is a result of ten years experience in marine environmental awaremess training. The development was supported and facilitated by the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water management, The Netherlands.IMO wishes to express its sincere appreciati

4、on to the Government of The Netherlands for its provision of expert assistance, valuable co-operation, and generous funding of this work.Copyright International Maritime Organization 2011All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

5、in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the International Maritime Organization.T138E_prelims.indd 2 9/20/2011 8:03:51 AMContentsForeword . vIntroduction . 1Part A: Course Framework . 2Scope 2General objectives 2Entry standards 3Course certificate . 3Course intake limit

6、ations . 3Staff requirements 3Teaching facilities and equipment 3Teaching aids (A) . 3Bibliography and Websites (B) . 4IMO References (R) . 5Textbooks (T) 5Part B: Course Outline and Timetable 7Part B (1): Course Outline 7Part B (2): Course Timetable 8Part C: Detailed Teaching Syllabus 9Learning obj

7、ectives . 9Part D: Instructor Manual 16General . 16Theory . 16Workshops 16Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Specific guidance notes 171. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182. Personal opinions workshop . 193. Marine environment 194. Environmental challenges for the shipping industry 204.1 Discharges to the sea oil 204.2 Discharges to the sea chemicals 214.3 Discharges to the sea sewage 224.4 Discharges to the sea solid wast

9、e . 224.5 Emissions to air, greenhouse gases . 234.6 Emissions to air, other 244.7 Introduction of invasive species 254.8 Underwater noise . 264.9 Anti-fouling paint 274.10 Recycling of ships . 275. Reputation of shipping workshop 286. Pollution prevention measures workshop 297. Personal involvement

10、 and personal responsibilities workshop 29iiiJB-11-60 IMO T138E (6).indd 3 16/09/2011 14:31MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESSivForewordSince its inception the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recognized the importance of human resources to the development of the maritime industry and has gi

11、ven the highest priority to assisting developing countries in enhancing their maritime training capabilities through the provision or improvement of maritime training facilities at national and regional levels. IMO has also responded to the needs of developing countries for postgraduate training for

12、 senior personnel in administrations, ports, shipping companies and maritime training institutes by establishing the world Maritime University in Malm, Sweden, in 1983.Following the adoption of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978

13、(STCW), a number of IMO Member Governments had suggested that IMO should develop model training courses to assist in the implementation of the Convention and in achieving a more rapid transfer of information and skills regarding new developments in maritime technology. IMO training advisers and cons

14、ultants also subsequently determined from their visits to training establishments in developing countries that the provision of model courses could help instructors improve the quality of their existing courses and enhance their implementation of the associated Conference and IMO Assembly resolution

15、s.In addition, it was appreciated that a comprehensive set of short model courses in various fields of maritime training would supplement the instruction provided by maritime academies and allow administrators and technical specialists already employed in maritime administrations, ports and shipping

16、 companies to improve their knowledge and skills in certain specialized fields. With the generous assistance of the Government of Norway, IMO developed model courses in response to these generally identified needs and now keeps them updated through a regular revision process taking into account any

17、amendments to the requirements prescribed in IMO instruments and any technological developments in the field.These model courses may be used by any training institution and, when the requisite financing is available, the Organization is prepared to assist developing countries in implementing any cou

18、rse.E. E. MITROPOULOSSecretary-Generalviiflag state implementation.indd vii 04/03/2010 09:16Appendix to the instructor manual: Marine environment 31Role of the oceans in human life . 31Marine ecology the basics 32Algae form the basis (primary production) . 32Marine food chains . 32The 10 per cent ru

19、le 32Bacteria make food chains circular 33The role of viruses in marine food chains 33Food chains connected in food web . 33Open ocean and coastal seas . 33Phytoplankton types 33Primary production levels 34Food chain lengths . 34Regional marine areas . 34Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs). . .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Summing up . 35Part E: Evaluation 36Introduction . 36Method of evaluation 36Validity . 36Reliability . 37Subjective testing . 37Objective testing . 37Distracters 37Guess factor . 38Scoring . 38Guidance on the Implementation of Model Cour

21、ses 39Part 1: Preparation 43Part 2: Notes on teaching technique . 48Part 3: Curriculum development 50Annex A1 Preparation checklist . 53Annex A2 Example of a Model Course syllabus in a subject area . 55Annex A3 Example of a lesson plan for annex A2 . 60JB-11-60 IMO T138E (6).indd 4 16/09/2011 14:31F

22、orewordSince its inception the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recognized the importance of human resources to the development of the maritime industry and has given the highest priority to assisting developing countries in enhancing their maritime training capabilities through the pro

23、vision or improvement of maritime training facilities at national and regional levels. IMO has also responded to the needs of developing countries for postgraduate training for senior personnel in administrations, ports, shipping companies and maritime training institutes by establishing the world M

24、aritime University in Malm, Sweden, in 1983.Following the adoption of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 (STCW), a number of IMO Member Governments had suggested that IMO should develop model training courses to assist in the imp

25、lementation of the Convention and in achieving a more rapid transfer of information and skills regarding new developments in maritime technology. IMO training advisers and consultants also subsequently determined from their visits to training establishments in developing countries that the provision

26、 of model courses could help instructors improve the quality of their existing courses and enhance their implementation of the associated Conference and IMO Assembly resolutions.In addition, it was appreciated that a comprehensive set of short model courses in various fields of maritime training wou

27、ld supplement the instruction provided by maritime academies and allow administrators and technical specialists already employed in maritime administrations, ports and shipping companies to improve their knowledge and skills in certain specialized fields. With the generous assistance of the Governme

28、nt of Norway, IMO developed model courses in response to these generally identified needs and now keeps them updated through a regular revision process taking into account any amendments to the requirements prescribed in IMO instruments and any technological developments in the field.These model cou

29、rses may be used by any training institution and, when the requisite financing is available, the Organization is prepared to assist developing countries in implementing any course.E. E. MITROPOULOSSecretary-Generalviiflag state implementation.indd vii 04/03/2010 09:16vJB-11-60 IMO T138E (6).indd 5 1

30、6/09/2011 14:31JB-11-60 IMO T138E (6).indd 6 16/09/2011 14:31IntroductionMarine environmental awareness represents the contribution of the human element to the prevention of pollution. Therefore, marine environmental awareness training brings together two important aspects of modern shipping: care f

31、or the marine environment and the importance of human performance.The IMO Strategic Plan for the Organization for the six-year period 2010 to 2015 (A.1011(26) seeks to enhance the environmental conscience of the shipping industry: “The mission of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a Un

32、ited Nations specialized agency is to promote safe, secure, environmentally sound, efficient and sustainable shipping through cooperation. The enhancement of a sustainable environmental policy for the shipping industry remains a high profile matter. The heightened concern at the impact of global shi

33、pping activities on the environment has given further impetus to efforts by the Organization to develop sustainable and environmentally conscious means of preventing pollution from ships, such as those aimed at reducing atmospheric pollution and addressing climate change and global warming; ensuring

34、 the preservation of aquatic systems; and preventing the introduction of harmful and polluting substances from ships into the marine environment.”The Strategic Plan also addresses human performance: “As IMO strives for full compliance with its instruments, their effectiveness will come under scrutin

35、y with each incident resulting from human error. The challenge for IMO is to place increased emphasis on the contribution of the human element to safer, more secure and environmentally friendly shipping and continuously to improve measures aimed at enhancing human performance in the maritime industr

36、y.”IMO identified strategic directions (SD) for the Organization and states in strategic direction 7.4: “IMO will focus on reducing and eliminating any adverse impact by shipping on the environment by increasing the emphasis on the role of the human element in environmentally sound shipping.”This is

37、 exactly what this model course “Marine environmental awareness” aims to do. Marine environmental awareness training offers knowledge of the importance and diversity of the marine environment, as well as understanding and awareness of the impacts of shipping activities on the (marine) environment. I

38、t offers insight into the background of IMO regulations and enhances compliance. The training also stimulates personal responsibility to use solutions that contribute to environmentally sound shipping.1JB-11-60 IMO T138E (6).indd 1 16/09/2011 14:31MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS2Part A: Course Framew

39、orkn ScopeThe purpose of this IMO model course is to assist maritime training institutes and their teaching staff to organize and introduce marine environmental awareness training.This model course “Marine environmental awareness” specifically focuses on the contribution of the human element to the

40、prevention of pollution and is intended to educate, stimulate and empower officers on board vessels to contribute to environmentally sound shipping and to ensure compliance with pollution prevention measures. This model course is closely connected to both the ISM Code1and the STCW Code2. The purpose

41、 of the ISM Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention. In matters of safety and pollution prevention it is the commitment, competence, attitude and motivation of individuals at all levels that determines the end result. S

42、ections A-II/1 of Chapter II, A-III/1 and A-III/6 of Chapter III of the STCW Code include the competence “ensure compliance with prevention pollution requirements” as part of function: “Controlling the operation of a ship and care for persons on board at the operational level”. In addition, the comp

43、etence “take precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment” is part of the basic training in Chapter VI.The model course “Marine environmental awareness” is designed as an addition to courses about IMO regulations, technical installations and procedures to safeguard the environment. Mar

44、ine environmental awareness training focuses specifically on the human element. Better understanding of the effects of shipping on the environment will lead to better compliance with regulations and better use of technical installations and procedures. The model course aims to inspire people to play

45、 a positive and proactive role, to take responsibility, and to contribute to environmentally sound shipping.n General objectivesThose who have successfully completed the course will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of preventing pollution to the (marine) environme

46、nt. This knowledge and understanding shall include, but is not limited to the following topics: concept of sustainable shipping complexity and diversity of the marine environment impact of shipping on the environment role of regulations, procedures and technical installations to protect the environm

47、ent marine environmental awareness, personal responsibility role of human element to prevent pollution, proactive measures.1 ISM Code = International Safety Management Code.2 STCW Code = Seafarers Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code.JB-11-60 IMO T138E (6).indd 2 16/09/2011 14:313PART A: CO

48、URSE FRAMEWORKThose who have successfully completed the course shall demonstrate the intention to: fully observe procedures for monitoring ship-board operations and ensure compliance with requirements for environmental protection act to ensure that the positive environmental reputation of shipping i

49、s maintained.n Entry standardsThe course is designed for officers and officers in charge of a navigational or an engineering watch.n Course certificateOn successful completion of the course appropriate documentary evidence is required to be issued to the trainee.n Course intake limitationsThe maximum number of trainees in the course should depend on course set-up and the facilities and equipment available, bearing in mind the aims and objectives of this mod