COE ETL 1110-2-244-1979 WATER AND WASTEWATER LABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL《给水排水指令控制实验室》.pdf

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1、= 3535789 0021869 243 w-24 - 13 DEPARTME“ OF THE ARMY En 1110-2-244 Office of the Chief of Engineers DAEN-CWE- Washington, D. C. 20314 Engineer Techical Letter No. 1110-2-244 14 May 1979 Engineering and Design WATER LLND WBSTEUATER LAWoRp QUALITY CONTROL The purpose of this letter is to provide guid

2、ance on 1. laboratory quality control procedures to be employed by Corps laboratories conducting water d wastewater ualyses. Purpose. 2. perfanning water quality analyses. Applicability. This ETL is applicable to all field operating agencies 3. References. a. W 1110-1-261 bo ER 1110-1-8100 E. Nation

3、al Handbook of ReconaPhnded Methods for Water-Data Acquisition, 1977, Office of Water Data Coordination, Geological Survey, U.$. Department of the Interior, Resten, VA 22092. d. Handbook for Analytical Qualty Control in Water and Wastewater iaboratoriee, June 1972, Analytical Quality Control Laborat

4、ory, U.S. Environmentai Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268. e. Geldreich, E. E., Handbook for Evaluating Bacteriological Laboratories. EPA-670-9-75-006. Aumst 1975. U.S. Environmental Protection 1 Agency, Cincinnati, OE 45268. 4. Policy. Basic policy concerning Corps laboratory activities is co

5、ntained in reference 3b. assignment of technical supervision of water analyses performed at District, project ad camosercial laboratories to the Division laboratories. inspections, which is one aspect of quality assurance, to the Division laboratories as part of their overall technical supervisory r

6、esponsibility. Of particular interest in reference 3b is the Reference 3a aasigns responsibility for laboratory 5. generated by Corps programs have a hown reliability. quality control prograat addresses the overall program development, sample collection, sample handling and preservation, external qu

7、ality control, laboratory quality control and data evaluation procedures IS a coherent package. This ETL addresses only laboratory quality control. Personnel Background. The purpose of quality control is to insure that data An integrated 1365 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networkin

8、g permitted without license from IHS-,-,-= 3515787 0023870 Tb5 I “. ETL 1110-2-244 14 May 79 involved in the other aspects of the quality control program should use currently available standard procedures (e.g., reference 3c) until additional interim guidance is issued for Corps of Engineers applica

9、tion. 6. Laboratory Qu ality Control. to produce reliabie data. data of known reliability are insured. obtaining reliable data are trained and experienced personnel, adequate facilities and equipment, a knowledgeable management, and selection of appropriate analytical methods . a. General. The goal

10、of every analyst and laboratory supervisor is Through the analytical quality control program, Essential prerequisites for b. Personnel. When a laboratory is established, the placement of staff should be governed by selection of individuals whose background and training coincide with the principle ar

11、ea(s) of laboratory work, for example,chemistry and microbiology. In the case of a continuing laboratory program, personnel resources should be utilized in a manner that results in matching professional employee rkills with the expertise, requited by the analytical methods employed in the laboratory

12、. Staffing with other than trained and experienced personnel will adversely affect laboratory quality control. sitates the use of personnel to perform taska for which they have limited experience andlor no theoretical background. In order to insure a campetent and up-to-date laboratory operation, an

13、y quality control programa should include a constant review of training needs and provide for such training. training in specialized methods and techniques may be available in a few Corps labs, it is not a complete substitute for formal training. Formal training in laboratory methodology snd the nec

14、essary theoretical background is generally not available within the Corps and must be arranged with other agencies, universities, or private contractors. However, changing priorities often neces- It should also be recognized that while informal c. Facilities. The first criterion with regard to facil

15、ities is the floor space requirement. General guidance, available in reference 3d, is based on square feet per person working in the laboratory. 8180 necessrry to consider otoragc space, office space, and special areas dedicated to specific parameters in addition to the basic floor space requirement

16、. benches,utorage areas, cleanup areas, and areas dedicated for specific peameters with rpccial analytical requirements must be considered. In general, the flaw of work in the laboratory should be considered ia lab bench and equipment arrangement, with a minimum of people working in the same area at

17、 the same time. required or some work assignments. Federal OSHA regulations However, it is within the available floor space, the installation of hoods, Office space in “quiet“ areas is also Each laboratory should comply with 2 1346 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted

18、 without license from IHS-,-,-= 3535789 0023873 9Tl ETL 1110-2-244 14 May 79 d. Analytical Methods. Reconraended methods for most parameters are compiled in reference 3c. rapid. selection of the me most suitable to the specific study objectives. method used that is aot presented in reference 3c shou

19、ld: (1) be fully documented; (2) be tested y other laboratories; (3) be checke for interferences present in the ranplar; (4) have a precision and accuracy verified by more than one laboratory; und (5) have a precision and accuracy conairteat with the purposes of the analysis being performed. Further

20、, if the precision er accuracy is leas than that given by standard procedures, the data developed by the non-standrrd method should not be entered into my automated data storage aad retrieval system. In general, these methods are reliable and Several procedures are provided for some parameters, whic

21、h permit Any e. Instrumentation, Instrumentation should be selected on the same basis as methods; accuracy, precision, speed, and dependabllity are all important. The overriding criterion in selecting instrumentation is to obtain incitrments that mort clearly fit the objectives. an instrument has a

22、sensitivity several times greater than required to meet objectives, a sacrifice in needed dependability may result due to increased maintenance. For example, if f. Quality Control Procedures. Quality control activities, which are described more fully in references 36 and 3e, rhould include the follo

23、wing: (1) A written document which details the generalized quality control procedure carried out in the lab ad the specific procedures used with each test or instrument. (2) Monitoring of precision and accuracy by use of replicate analyses, spike amples, laboratory standards prepared in synthetic ma

24、trix, and analysis of samples which have known results independent of the laboratory (e.g., split samples, NBS standard reference materials, etc.). The -ber of these apecial analyses to be performed will depend on the availability of standards and techniques and the speed and nuatbet of sample analy

25、ses involved. develop quality control charts Where applicable, the data should be used to (3) Development of instrument history records, including all service and major adjustments as well as problems with calibration, resolution, sensitivity, etc. If data were reported when the instrument was out o

26、f calibration, the disposition of the data should be explained. applicable, a record of an output reading such a8 absorbance for a given standard under a fixed set of instrument conditions should be established. Quality control charts on this data should also be maintained. insttinnents ehould be se

27、rviced at least once annually. Where All 3 1.36 7 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0023872 838 ETL 1110-2-244 14 May 79 (4) A replacement schedule for standard solutibas, chemicals, reagents, etc . (5) A definite program to tra

28、in personnel in aspects of quality control necesusry to perform this job. (6) A method to monitor ay automatic data acquisitionldata handling Oy8tem which may be used in conjunction with the laboratory. (7) documented . A daily check of laboratory performaace that is rigorously 7. Conclusions. All a

29、nalysts practice quality control to varying degrees. The extent depends upon the nature of their training, prfesriona1 pride, and awareness of the importance of the work they are doing (reference 3d). of quality control in each laboratory to insure the production of data of knm reliability. containe

30、d in this technical letter describe a minimum quality control program. quality control program and for the reliability of the analytical results submitted to the user rests with the Laboratory Director. Thus, it is important to establish a formal routine The guidance, recomendations, and requirements The final responsibility for the extent of the laboratory FOB TIIR CHIEF OF ENGXREERS: I f 3” JACK R. mMPSON f ,Acting Chief? Engineering Division Dirtctorate of Civil Works Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-