BS 5073-1982 Guide to stowage of goods in freight containers《货物在运输集装箱中的贮存指南》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS5073:1982 Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 and 2 Guide to Stowage of goods in freight containers UDC 656.073.235:621.869.888BS5073:1982 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Committee, was published underthe

2、authority of the BoardofBSI and comes into effect on 30 September 1982 BSI03-1999 First published April1974 First revision September1982 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PKM/505 Draft for comment80/63077 DC ISBN 0 580 12834 2 Cooperating organizat

3、ions The Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Committee, under whose direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following: Association of Drum Manufacturers Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association British Bag Federation Ministry of Defence* British Fib

4、reboard Packaging Association Oil Companies Materials Association British Paper and Board Industry Paintmakers Association of Great Federation (PIF) Britain Ltd. British Stationery and Office Pira (the Research Association for the Paper Products Federation and Board, Printing and Packaging Chemical

5、Industries Association* Industries) Collapsible Tube Manufacturers Association Soap and Detergent Industry Association Department of Transport* Society of Motor Manufacturers and General Council of British Shipping* Traders Limited* Glass Manufacturers Federation Timber Packaging and Pallet Confeder

6、ation Institute of Packaging Timber Research and Institute of Trading Standards Administration Development Association Institution of Production Engineers Coopted member The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the Technic

7、al Committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: Aluminium Federation Health and Safety Executive Association of British Railway Carriage and Home Office Wagon Manufacturers Institute of Freight Forwarders Limited British Airways Institute of Materials Handling British Ports Ass

8、ociation International Institute of Container Lessors British Railways Board National Freight Corporation (nfc) Ltd. British Shippers Council Road Haulage Association Ltd. Freight Transport Association Limited Coopted member Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 6198 Ju

9、ly1990 7761 July1993 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS5073:1982 BSI 03-1999 i Contents Page Cooperating organizations Inside front cover Foreword ii 0 Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Factors affecting the stowage of goods in freight containers 1 3 Selection of containers 3 4 Actions prior to loadin

10、g 3 5 Stowage planning, packing and securing of goods in freight containers of various types 4 6 Checking of containers prior to despatch 6 7 Checking on unloading 7 Appendix A Acceleration effects on freight containers in transit 8 Appendix B Contamination (infestation) by pests and micro-organisms

11、 9 Appendix C Cleaning, disinfestation and decontamination of freight containers 9 Appendix D Publications providing further information 11 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS5073:1982 ii BSI 03-1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Packaging and F

12、reight Container Standards Committee. It is a revision of BS5073:1974 “Recommendations on the carriage of goods in freight containers” which is withdrawn. This revision concentrates more on guidance for those concerned with the stowage of goods in containers and the title has been changed to reflect

13、 this. The principles set out in the “ILO/IMO Guidelines for packing cargo in freight containers or vehicles” 1)have been followed where applicable. The attention of users is drawn to the national regulations or administrative arrangements in various countries which implement international agreement

14、s and conventions, amongst others: International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) 1982 1) Freight Containers (Safety Convention) Regulations1984, SI1984 No. 1890 2) HSE, 1984. Arrangements in Great Britain for the approval of containers 3) HSE 1984. Conditions for approval of examination schemes

15、 or programmes 4) Health and Safety Commission. Docks Regulations1988. Approved Code of Practice and Guidance 2) Health and Safety Commission. Dangerous Substances in Harbour Areas Regulations1987. SI1987/37 2) Customs Conventions on Containers1956 and1972 2) Customs (TIR) Conventions1959 and1975 2)

16、 European Agreement concerning the carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR) 2) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, Section12, Freight Container Traffic 1) International Regulations concerning the carriage of dangerous goods by rail (RID) 2) European Agreement on international carriage of p

17、erishable foodstuffs and on the special equipment to be used for such carriage (ATP) 1970 2) Additional safety guidance is given in HSE Guidance Note PM69 Safety in the use of freight containers and a list of other publications providing information which may be relevant is included in Appendix D. T

18、he specification and test requirements for freight containers and their corner fittings, together with information on the handling and securing of freight containers, are covered in BS 3951-1 and BS 3951-2 which are identical with the international standards on this topic published by the Internatio

19、nal Organization for Standardization (ISO). A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligation

20、s. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to12, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinsi

21、de front cover. 1) Obtainable from IMO, IMCO House,4 Albert Embankment, London SE17SR. 2) Obtainable from HMSO. 3) Obtainable from SPISD, C3 enquiry point, Baynards House, Chepstow Place, London W24TF. 4) Obtainable from Docks National Industry Group, East Anglia Area Office,39 Baddow Road, Chelmsfo

22、rd CM20HL.BS5073:1982 BSI 03-1999 1 0 Introduction The advantages offered by the use of freight containers, especially where door to door operation is possible, are well known. But as with all equipment, if containers are not properly looked after, or are wrongly used, various problems may arise. Im

23、proper or careless stowage of goods in a freight container can lead to personal injury, damage to cargo, damage to the container itself or damage to the containers handling or transport equipment. It is important that consideration is given to quarantine requirements, pest control, and the possibili

24、ty of contamination. Because freight containers are re-usable thought should be given to problems which may arise by reason of the nature of previous cargoes. The person who packs and secures cargo into a container may be the last person to look inside until it is opened by the consignee at its fina

25、l destination. Consequently, a great many persons will rely on his skill; drivers of road vehicles and other highway users when the container is carried by road, railway personnel and others when the container is carried by rail, dock workers when the container is lifted on or off a ship, the crew o

26、f the ship, and the final consignees. Anyone may be at risk from a poorly packed container. 1 Scope This British Standard provides general guidance to those concerned with the stowage of goods in freight containers designed for movement by surface modes of transport (road, rail, inland water and sea

27、), with special emphasis on ways of achieving satisfactory levels of safety and minimizing damage to cargo. It does not cover the special precautions which have to be taken when stowing containers for transport by air. The standard does not cover the special requirements applicable to the stowage of

28、 goods requiring temperature or atmosphere control, e.g.the provision of optimum air circulation paths in refrigerated, insulated or ventilated containers, nor the additional requirements relating to the stowage of dangerous goods. It does not cover the stowage of bulk cargoes. NOTEThe requirements

29、relating to dangerous goods are covered in the IMCO IMDG Code (in particular, see Section12 of the general introduction to that code) for carriage by sea and in the relevant national and international regulations for transport by road and rail (see foreword). NOTEThe titles of the publications refer

30、red to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Factors affecting the stowage of goods in freight containers 2.1 Mechanical hazards 2.1.1 The principal mechanical hazards to the container and contents are acceleration and deceleration effects and vibrations. In addition vertical impac

31、ts can occur if the container is set down carelessly or carried by road with insufficient regard to road surface conditions. Where containers are carried on loosely coupled rail wagons there is a possibility of longitudinal impacts but these are virtually eliminated when close coupled wagons or spec

32、ial block trains, i.e.with bar couplings, are used. 2.1.2 Where containers are carried by sea they may be subject to additional forces of vertical, lateral and longitudinal acceleration due to the motion of the ship. (See Appendix A for more detailed information.) 2.1.3 Guidance on packing and secur

33、ing cargoes in containers to minimize the effects of these movements is given in 5.4. 2.2 Climatic conditions 2.2.1 When stowing goods in freight containers account should be taken of the information given in2.2.2 to 2.2.15. 2.2.2 Conditions to which goods in transit and storage are subjected may le

34、ad to the deterioration of the goods. These conditions may be influenced by extremes of temperature and humidity, cyclic changes of temperature and humidity, wetness, snow, etc. that may be encountered by a container on any particular journey. 2.2.3 The use of a totally closed container will have so

35、me obvious effects on the conditions to which cargoes are subjected, and some less obvious. The outer skin of the closed container, or the cover of an open container will obviously give protection against rain or spray, provided it is in good condition. Less obvious temperature and condensation effe

36、cts are described in2.2.4 to2.2.15. 2.2.4 Direct exposure to solar radiation can produce air temperatures under the skin of a non-insulated container which are significantly higher than external air temperatures. Radiation from the container at night can produce air temperatures under the skin of th

37、e container that are marginally lower than external temperatures. The combination of these effects can result in a range of day and night cycle temperature variations in the air just inside the skin of a non-insulated container which is greater than the corresponding range of air temperatures just o

38、utside the skin.BS5073:1982 2 BSI 03-1999 2.2.5 The effects of temperature variations (see2.2.4) are so much reduced with well insulated containers, that, even without refrigeration, the air temperature ranges at any point inside the container will always be less than the range of air temperatures o

39、utside it. 2.2.6 Longer term changes in temperature conditions external to the container, either seasonal or due to movement of the container from one prevailing climatic condition to one significantly different, will sometimes have to be taken into account. Only a container in which the internal co

40、nditions are artificially controlled, e.g.by refrigeration, will provide internal conditions unaffected, or not significantly affected by such long term temperature changes. 2.2.7 Goods closest to the container skin will be more affected by external variations than those in the centre of the contain

41、er, but, whenever the possible extent of temperature variations or their full significance is not known, advice should be obtained from specialists. 2.2.8 Under certain circumstances condensation may be encountered in most types of containers, either on the surface of cargo (cargo sweat) or on the i

42、nside surfaces of a container (container sweat) both during transport and when the container is opened for discharge or for any other reason. An understanding of condensation phenomena is important because condensation may lead to such damage as rust, discoloration, dislodging of labels, collapse of

43、 fibreboard packages, mould formation, caking and clogging. 2.2.9 The main factors leading to condensation inside the container are: a) sources of moisture inside the container which, depending on ambient temperature conditions, will affect the moisture content of the atmosphere in the container; b)

44、 a difference between the temperature of the atmosphere within the container and the surface temperature of either the cargo or the inner surfaces of the container itself; c) changes in the temperature of the outer surface of the container which affect factors a) and b). 2.2.10 When the outside of t

45、he container is heated, e.g.by the heat of the sun during the day, then, unless the container is insulated and perhaps refrigerated as well, the air inside the container will become heated and absorb moisture from the goods, the packaging and any pallets or dunnage used. Where the container has a wo

46、oden floor or lining, moisture may be absorbed from these as well. This can lead to high humidity conditions and, eventually, to the air becoming saturated with moisture. 2.2.11 If, under these conditions, some of the cargo has a surface temperature lower than the dewpoint 5)of the air adjacent to i

47、t, condensation will form on the cargo and damage can occur. 2.2.12 If, after a high humidity has been established inside the container, the outside of the container is cooled, e.g.at night, then the temperature of the container skin may fall below the dewpoint of the air inside it. Under these circ

48、umstances moisture will form on the inside surfaces of the container. After forming under the roof, it may drop on to the cargo and lead to rain stains and the other problems listed in2.2.8. 2.2.13 Cyclical repetition of the cargo/container sweat phenomena can result in a greater degree of damage. 2

49、.2.14 Condensation can also occur immediately after the doors of the container are opened if the air inside the container is humid and the outside air is relatively cool. Such conditions can produce a fog and even precipitation, but, because this phenomenon usually occurs only once, it seldom results in serious damage. 2.2.15 Somewhat different condensation phenomena may be encountered in insulated and in refrigerated containers, e.g.where warm moist air is allowed to enter such a container at the time of loading, ice or frost may form on the cargo and, especially if the contain