ASTM E456-2008 402 Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics.pdf

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1、Designation: E 456 08An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general terminology sta

3、ndard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normativefor that term. Any changes in the term definition in thenormative standard will be editorially

4、changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will benoted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considerednormative for any E11 terms.2. Referenced Doc

5、uments2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with terms in this standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE 1169 Practice f

6、or Conducting Ruggedness TestsE 1325 Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsE 1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Develop-ing and Applying Test MethodsE 1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE 2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product byAttribute

7、s Indexed by AQLE 2281 Practice for Process and Measurement CapabilityIndicesE 2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE 2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute D

8、ata,When There is a Zero Response in the SampleE 2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE 2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a SingleLaboratory Using a Control Sample

9、 ProgramE 2555 Practice for Factors and Procedures forApplying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE 2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE 2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess Control2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and

10、SymbolsPart 1: Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2: Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit AQL , nquality limit that is theworst tolerable process average when a continuing series oflots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E 2234accepted reference value, na value that

11、 serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or international organi-zation, or (3) a consensus or certified value, base

12、d oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E 177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. E 177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimated by the same contrast an

13、d which,therefore, cannot be estimated separately. E 1325assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output that is feasible to detect andidentify (see special cause). E 2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indi-cate the presence or absence of

14、 specific characteristics orcounts of occurrences of events in time or space. E 2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of attributes consists of noting the presence (or1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics and is the direct

15、 responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 456 06e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer

16、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.absence) of some characteristic or attrib

17、ute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or do not) possess the quality attribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E 2334average outgoing quality (AOQ)the average percent defec-tive of outgoing product including all accepted lo

18、ts orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are notaccepted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E 1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL)the

19、maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E 1994average quality protectiona type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product after inspection (average outgoingqual

20、ity limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be the level of percent defective inthe product submitted to the inspector. E 1994average run length (ARL)the average number of times thata process will have been sampled and evaluated before ashift in process level is si

21、gnaled. E 2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average ofsample standard deviations. E 2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numberk of different versions from the t versions of a singleprincipal factor arranged so that

22、 every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, l, of blocks from the bblocks. E 1325batch, in inspection, na collection of units of productproduced under conditions that are considered uniform andfrom which a sample is drawn and inspected, and may differfrom a collection of units designa

23、ted as a batch for otherpurposes, for example, production, shipment, etc. E 2234batch size, nthe number of units of product in a batch.E 2234bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E 177c chartcontrol chart that monitors the count of occurren

24、cesof an event in a defined increment of time or space.E 2587center lineline on a control chart depicting the average levelof the statistic being monitored. E 2587chance cause source of inherent random variation in aprocess which is predictable within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E 2587char

25、acteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,helps to distinguish between the items. E 2282check samplesee control sample. E 2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possibledefects of the unit of product arranged according

26、 to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect.E 2234coefficient or variation, CVfor a nonnegative characteristic,the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean for apopulation or sample. . E 2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined m

27、ethod of analysis to analyzeidentical portions of homogeneous materials to assess theperformance characteristics obtained for that method ofanalysis. E 2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E 2489common causesee chance cause. E 2587completely randomized design, na design in which thetre

28、atments are assigned at random to the full set of experi-mental units. E 1325completely randomized factorial design, na factorial ex-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E 1325composite design, na design developed specifically forfitting second order response s

29、urfaces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E 1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E 2334confidence coefficient, nthe value, C, of the probabilityassociated with a confidence interval or statistical cover

30、ageinterval. It is often expressed as a percentage. ISO 3534-1E 2334confidence level, nsee confidence coefficient. E 2334confidence limit, neach of the limits, T1and T2, of the twosided confidence interval, or the limit T of the one sidedconfidence interval. E 2334confounded factorial design, na fac

31、torial experiment inwhich only a fraction of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations assigned to each block is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is(are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain free f

32、rom confound-ing. E 1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions) with the effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) orinteractions(s). E 1325consumers riskthe probability that a lot whose percentagedefective is equ

33、al to the LTPD will be accepted by the plan.E 1994contrast, na linear function of the observations for whichthe sum of the coefficients is zero. E 1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear combinations of the treatm

34、ents (contrasts). E 1325control chart , n-chart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along withlimits based on the statistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in the process or product. E

35、2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or parametersinto a central line value or control limit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E 2587E456082control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for signaling the n

36、eed for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed degree of risk. E 2587control sample, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a laboratory. E 2554cr

37、itical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindividuals using, maintaining, or depending upon the prod-uct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E 2234

38、critical defective, na unit of product which contains one ormore critical defects and may also contain major and/orminor defects. E 2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E 2234defective, na unit of product which contains one or moredefects. E 2234defects

39、per hundred units, nany given quantity of units ofproduct is one hundred times the number of defects con-tained therein (one or more defects being possible in any unitof product) divided by the total number of units of product,that is:Defects per hundred units 5Number of defects 3100Number of units

40、inspectedE 2234dependent variable, nSee response variable. E 1325design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorcombinations to be included in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experi

41、ment design and experimental design.E 1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in whichup to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept orreject a lot. E 2555empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentileusing the sample data. This is a sample value such that apercenta

42、ge p of the sample is less than that value. E 2586evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form ofexperimentation conducted in production facilities duringregular production. E 1325experimental design, nsee design of experiments. E 1325experiment space, nthe materials, equipment, environmen-tal

43、conditions and so forth that are available for conductingan experiment. E 1325experimental unit, na portion of the experiment space towhich a treatment is applied or assigned in the experiment.E 1325factorial experiment (general), nin general, an experimentin which all possible treatments formed fro

44、m two or morefactors, each being studied at two or more levels (versions)are examined so that interactions (differential effects) as wellas main effects can be estimated. E 13252nfactorial experiment, na factorial experiment in which nfactors are studied, each of them in two levels (versions).E 1325

45、fractional factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatmentsrequired for the complete factorial experiment is selected tobe run. E 1325fully nested experiment, na nested experiment in which thesecond factor is nested within levels (versions) of th

46、e firstfactor and each succeeding factor is nested within versionsof the previous factor. E 1325hierarchical experiment, nsee nested experiment.E 1325histogram, ngraphical representation of the frequency dis-tribution of a characteristic consisting of a set of rectangleswith area proportional to the

47、 frequency. E 2586I chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the individual subgroupobservations. E 2587incomplete block design, na design in which the experi-ment space is subdivided into blocks in which there areinsufficient experimental units available to run a completeset of treatments or replicate o

48、f the experiment. E 1325inspection, nthe process of measuring, examining, testing,or otherwise comparing the unit of product with the require-ments. E 2234inspection by attributes, ninspection whereby either theunit of product is classified simply as defective or non-defective, or the number of defe

49、cts in the unit of product iscounted, with respect to a given requirement or set ofrequirements. E 2234interlaboratory comparison, norganization, performance,and evaluation of tests on the same or similar test items bytwo or more laboratories in accordance with predeterminedconditions. E 2489interquartile range, IQR, nthe 75thpercentile (0.75 quan-tile) minus the 25thpercentile (0.25 quantile), for a data set.E 2586intermediate precision, nthe closeness of agreement be-tween test results obtained under specified i