ASTM E2388-2011 Standard Guide for Minimum Training Requirements for Forensic Document Examiners《法医文件审查人最低培训要求的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2388 11Standard Guide forMinimum Training Requirements for Forensic DocumentExaminers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements and proce-dures that should be used for the fundamental training offorensic document exam

3、iners (Guide E444).1.2 This guide may not cover all aspects of training for thetopics addressed or for unusual or uncommon examinations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es

4、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminersE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE2195 Terminology Relating to th

5、e Examination of Ques-tioned Documents3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms in this guide, refer to Termi-nologies E1732 and E2195.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 technical visit, ntravel for the purpose of obtaininginformation, knowledge, or training, including interac

6、tion withor demonstration by pertinent manufacturers, businesses, andlaboratories.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following theserequirements and procedures

7、, an appropriate trainee (see 5.2)can acquire the scientific, technical, and other specializedknowledge, skill, and experience required to reliably performthe work of a forensic document examiner (Guide E444).5. Equipment and Personnel5.1 Training Materials and Equipment:5.1.1 Access to texts, perio

8、dicals, papers, and other profes-sional literature.5.1.2 Access to equipment appropriate to each area ofinstruction.5.2 Requirements for the Trainee Candidate:5.2.1 An earned baccalaureate degree or equivalent from anaccredited college or university.5.2.2 Documented successful completion of a form d

9、is-crimination test.5.2.3 Documented successful completion of a color percep-tion test.5.2.4 Documented successful completion of near and distantvisual acuity tests with best corrected vision within six monthsprior to commencement of training.5.3 Requirements for the Trainer(s):5.3.1 Requirements fo

10、r the principal trainer:5.3.1.1 The principal trainer shall be a forensic documentexaminer;5.3.1.2 Have successfully completed the equivalent of aminimum of 24 months full-time supervised training;5.3.1.3 Have been trained in the topics of instruction in thisguide (Section 7); and5.3.1.4 Have at lea

11、st five years of full-time post-trainingexperience as a forensic document examiner.5.3.1.5 All of the above should be documented.5.3.1.6 The principal trainer should have successfully com-pleted a course or seminar in instructor development.5.3.2 The qualifications of any other trainers shall beappr

12、oved by the principal trainer.6. Procedure6.1 The training program shall be the equivalent of aminimum of 24 months full-time training under the supervisionof a principal trainer.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subco

13、mmittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition published in 2005 as E2388 05. DOI:10.1520/E2388-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Serv

14、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.1 The training program shall be successf

15、ully completedin a period not to exceed four years.6.1.2 Each area of instruction will have an objective(s)established by the principal trainer. Examination(s) (for ex-ample, written test, oral test, practical exercise) will beadministered in order to measure the trainees knowledge.NOTE 1Although at

16、tending meetings and presentations is useful assupplemental training, it does not replace the training outlined in Section7 of this guide. However, the principal trainer may grant credit to thetrainee for knowledge (as in accordance with Section 7) acquired at suchmeetings and presentations.6.1.3 Th

17、e principal trainer may grant credit for prior trainingor experience in Section 7 subject areas when the trainee candemonstrate and document such training or experience.6.1.4 A training record for each trainee will be maintainedand will document the following:6.1.4.1 Instruction in each topic area.6

18、.1.4.2 A bibliography of relevant literature studied.6.1.4.3 Examination(s) (for example, written test, oral test,practical exercise).6.1.4.4 Case statistics (for example, number, type, items,reports).6.1.4.5 Outside training, technical visits, courses, confer-ences, or workshops attended.6.1.4.6 Re

19、search conducted.7. Syllabus7.1 A formal written training program will include specifictopics of instruction. The order in which they are administeredis discretionary; however, the amount of time must be adequateto ensure competency in all topic areas. The minimum specifictopics are:7.2 Introduction

20、 and History of Forensic Document Exami-nation:7.2.1 Ethical responsibilities.7.2.2 Literature of the field.7.2.3 Evolution of the field.7.2.4 Historical cases.7.2.5 Scientific method.7.2.6 Research methodology.7.3 Evidence Handling Procedures:7.3.1 Procedures and protocols.7.3.2 Relationship of for

21、ensic document examination toother forensic disciplines.7.3.3 Collection and preservation.7.3.4 Marking and documentation.7.3.5 Chain of custody.7.4 Examination Procedures:7.4.1 Procedures and protocols.7.4.2 Theory of individualization.7.4.3 Case organization.7.4.4 Note taking.7.4.5 Conclusions and

22、 findings.7.4.6 Report writing.7.5 Laboratory Instrumentation and Equipment:7.5.1 Procedures and protocols.7.5.2 Physics of light pertinent to forensic document exami-nation procedures.7.5.3 Microscopy.7.5.4 Measuring systems and devices.7.5.5 Light sources.7.5.6 Electrostatic detection devices.7.5.

23、7 Typewriter examination devices.7.5.8 Computers and peripherals.7.5.9 Other relevant laboratory equipment.7.6 Paper:7.6.1 Procedures and protocols.7.6.2 History of paper.7.6.3 Manufacturing processes.7.6.4 Physical properties (for example, light-reactive, wa-termarks, dimensions, security features)

24、.7.6.5 Physical matches (for example, fibers, tears, edgestriations).7.6.6 Tapes and adhesives.7.6.7 Indentations.7.7 Writing Instruments and Inks:7.7.1 Procedures and protocols.7.7.2 History of writing instruments and inks.7.7.3 Properties of inks.7.7.4 Destructive and nondestructive analyses of in

25、ks.7.7.5 Writing instrument characteristics.7.7.6 Sequence, direction, and pressure of strokes.7.8 Handwriting (including Cursive or Script Style Writing,Hand Printing, Signatures, Numerals, and Other WrittenMarks or Signs):7.8.1 Procedures and protocols.7.8.2 History and theory.7.8.3 Physiology of

26、handwriting and motor control.7.8.4 Handwriting systems.7.8.5 Handwriting comparison process.7.8.6 Individualizing characteristics (individual and class).7.8.7 Features of handwriting (for example, variation, linequality, skill level).7.8.8 Distorted handwriting.7.8.9 Factors affecting handwriting (

27、internal and external).7.8.10 Tracings and simulations.7.8.11 Other handwriting problems.7.9 Alterations, Obliterations, and Erasures:7.9.1 Procedures and Protocols.7.9.2 Types of alterations (for example, page substitution,insertion).7.9.3 Types of obliterations (for example, opaquing fluid,over-wr

28、iting, chemical).7.9.4 Types of erasures (physical and chemical).7.9.5 Detection and decipherment techniques.7.10 Typewriters:7.10.1 Procedures and protocols.7.10.2 History of typewriters.7.10.3 Fundamentals of typewriter examination (individual-ization and comparison).7.10.4 Typestyle classificatio

29、n.7.10.5 Typing and correction ribbon examinations.7.10.6 Paper fiber transfer.7.11 Computer Printers:7.11.1 Procedures and protocols.7.11.2 History of computer printers.E2388 1127.11.3 Fundamentals of computer printer examinations (in-dividualization and comparison).7.11.4 Computer printing process

30、es (impact and nonim-pact).7.11.5 Font classification.7.12 Photocopiers:7.12.1 Procedures and protocols.7.12.2 History of photocopiers.7.12.3 Electrostatic and other imaging processes.7.12.4 Fundamentals of examination (individualization andcomparison).7.12.5 Alteration and manipulation techniques.7

31、.13 Facsimiles:7.13.1 Procedures and protocols.7.13.2 History of facsimile machines.7.13.3 Imaging processes.7.13.4 Fundamentals of examination (individualization andcomparison).7.13.5 Alteration and manipulation techniques.7.14 Printing Processes:7.14.1 Procedures and protocols.7.14.2 History of pr

32、inting.7.14.3 Typography.7.14.4 Characteristics of printing processes.7.14.5 Fundamentals of examination (individualization andcomparison).7.14.6 Security features.7.15 Mechanical Impressions:7.15.1 Procedures and protocols.7.15.2 History of devices (for example, check writers,rubber and polymer sta

33、mps, paper binders, staples, embossingdevices, seals and stamped impressions, fasteners, hole punch-ers).7.15.3 Fundamentals of examination (individualization andcomparison).7.16 Charred and Soaked Documents:7.16.1 Procedures and protocols.7.16.2 Care and preservation.7.16.3 Examination and decipher

34、ment.7.17 Photography and Digital Imaging:7.17.1 Procedures and protocols.7.17.2 General photography.7.17.3 Document photography.7.17.4 Digital photography.7.17.5 Digital imaging techniques.7.17.6 Alteration and manipulation techniques.7.17.7 Image editing software.7.18 Miscellaneous Examinations:7.

35、18.1 Dependent upon the capabilities or requirements ofthe laboratory.7.19 Expert Witness and Legal Proceedings:7.19.1 Procedures and protocols.7.19.2 Terminology.7.19.3 Relevant law.7.19.4 Adjudication systems.7.19.5 Effective communication.7.19.6 Courtroom demeanor.7.19.7 Preparation and use of de

36、monstrative exhibits.7.19.8 Observation of pre-trial conferences and testimonyof experts, actual or mock.7.19.9 Participation as an expert witness in mock trials.7.19.10 Understanding of critical challenges to the disci-pline.7.20 Practical Experience:7.20.1 Supervised casework.7.20.2 Training or ob

37、servation at other forensic documentlaboratories is recommended.7.20.3 Supplemental education (for example, courses, semi-nars, technical visits, workshops).8. Keywords8.1 forensic document examination; forensic document ex-aminer; forensic sciences; questioned documents; trainingASTM International

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40、ressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at

41、 the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E2388 113