ASTM E164-2013 6875 Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments《焊接件接触法超声检测的标准方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E164 13Standard Practice forContact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonicA-scanexamination

3、of specific weld configurations joining wroughtferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld disconti-nuities (see Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed wavesis specified. Manual techniques are described employing con-tact of the search unit through a couplant film or water column.1.2 Thi

4、s practice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, orboth, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Prac-tices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot weldsare not included. The practice is intended to be used onthicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm).NOTE 1This practice i

5、s based on experience with ferrous andaluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using thispractice provided reference standards can be developed that demonstratethat the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by anultrasonic beam.NOTE 2For additional pertinent in

6、formation see Practice E317,Terminology E1316, and Practice E587.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard do

7、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta

8、ndards:2E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact TestingE1316 Te

9、rminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Document:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing32.3 ANSI/ASNT Standard:ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification andCertification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.4 ISO Standard

10、:ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipmentfor Ultrasonic Examination42.5 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel53. Significance and Use3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of weldsdescribed in this practice are intended to pro

11、vide a means ofweld examination for both internal and surface discontinuitieswithin the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice islimited to the examination of specific weld geometries inwrought or forged material.3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weldexamination for internal an

12、d surface discontinuities and arewell suited to the task of in-process quality control. Thepractice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuitiesthat present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam.Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porosityand slag inclusions must

13、 be critically evaluated.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition

14、 approved in 2008 as E164 - 08. DOI:10.1520/E0164-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Availab

15、le from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA)

16、, 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3 When ultrasonic examination is us

17、ed as a basis ofacceptance of welds, there should be agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific referencestandards and limits to be used. Examples of reference stan-dards are given in Section 7. A detailed procedure for weldexamination describing allowable discontinuity l

18、imits shouldbe written and agreed upon.4. Basis of Application4.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.4.1.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contrac-tual agreement, personnel performing examinations to thisstandar

19、d shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally orinternationally recognized NDT personnel qualification prac-tice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, RecommendedPractice SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document andcertified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.The practice or

20、 standard used and its applicable revision shallbe identified in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.4.1.2 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in E543. The applicable edition ofE543

21、 shall be specified in the contractual agreement.4.1.3 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures andtechniques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractualagreement.4.1.4 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation criteria shall be in accordance with 8.1.2 unlessotherwise spe

22、cified.4.1.5 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examinationshall be after weld completion and surface preparation andwhen the surface temperature has reached ambient temperatureunless otherwise specified.4.1.6 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examinationshall be in accordance with Table 2 unless o

23、therwise specified.4.1.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReportingcriteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with12.1 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria arenot specified in this standard, they shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.4.1.8 Reexaminatio

24、n of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed inthis standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-tual agreement.5. Search Units5.1 Angle-Beam requirements for angle-beam search unitsare determined by the test variables. The examination proce-dur

25、e should be established by taking into consideration vari-ables such as weld thickness, available surface, maximumallowable flaw size, flaw orientation, and the acoustic proper-ties of the material. Consideration should also be given to thedesirability of using comparable wave lengths within themate

26、rials where both a longitudinal-wave examination and anangle-beam shear-wave examination are employed.This can beaccomplished by conducting the straight-beam (longitudinal-wave) examination at approximately two times the frequencyof the angle-beam (shear-wave) examination.5.2 Frequencies of 1.0 to 5

27、 MHz are generally employed forangle-beam (shear-wave) and for straight-beam (longitudinal-wave) examination.5.3 Transducer sizes recommended for weld examinationrange from a minimum of14-in. (6.4-mm) diameter or14-in.square to 1 in. (25.4 mm) square or 118-in. (28.6-mm)diameter.6. Standardization6.

28、1 Two methods of angle-beam standardization are ingeneral use: the polar, and the rectangular, coordinate methods.6.1.1 The polar coordinate method requires measurementsof the beam centerline at the search unit/work interface and thebeam angle in a reference block, and the instrument sweep isstandar

29、dized along the beam line. Test information is graphi-cally converted into position and depth coordinates for reflectorlocation. The polar method is detailed in Annex A1.6.1.2 The rectangular coordinate method requires measure-ment of the position of the reflector from the front of the searchunit, a

30、nd the instrument sweep is standardized for depth to thereflector as it is moved to different positions in the beamproviding a distance-amplitude curve. Test information is readdirectly for position and depth to the reflector. The rectangularcoordinate method is detailed in Annex A2.7. Reference Sta

31、ndards7.1 IIW-type reference blocks are a class of reference blocksfor checking and standardizing ultrasonic instrumentation,which meet the basic geometrical configuration described inISO 2400 but which may deviate in such aspects as non-metricdimensioning, alternate materials, additional reflectors

32、, anddifferences of scale details. IIW-type blocks are primarilyintended for characterizing and calibrating angle-beamsystems, but also provide features for such uses as straight-beam resolution and sensitivity checks.NOTE 3Discussion of the differences among various versions of“IIW-Type” reference

33、blocks, illustrations of typical configurations and anextensive bibliography can be found in a published reference.67.1.1 Only blocks fully meeting all the requirements ofISO 2400 should be referred to as IIW reference blocks.7.1.2 Blocks qualified to certain other national standardsmay also satisfy

34、 all the requirements of ISO 2400 but haveadditional features.7.1.3 The term IIW Block Type I should be used only todescribe blocks meeting the standard cited. The term IIW BlockType II is reserved for the miniature angle-beam block recog-nized by ISO.7.1.4 All other blocks derived from the basic IS

35、O 2400configuration, but not fully meeting all its requirements shouldbe referred to as IIW-Type blocks.7.1.5 Suppliers and users of such blocks should identify thespecifications which are met, or provide detailed documenta-tion.6Hotchkiss, F.H.C., “Guide to designs of IIW-type blocks”, NDT Internat

36、ional,Vol. 23, n. 6, December 1990, pp. 319-331.E164 1327.1.6 Because of the possible differences noted, not allIIW-type blocks may be suited for every application for whichqualified ISO 2400 blocks may be acceptable.7.1.7 Unless the blocks have also been checked by pre-scribed ultrasonic procedures

37、, they may also produce non-uniform or misleading results.7.2 Distance Standardization:7.2.1 An equal-radius reflecting surface subtending an arcof 90 is recommended for distance standardization because itis equally responsive to all beam angles. Other reflectorconfigurations may be used. Equal-radi

38、us reflecting surfacesare incorporated into IIW-Type Blocks and several otherreference blocks (see Annex A1)(Note 3). Distance standard-ization on a square-notch corner reflector with a depth of 1 to3 % of thickness may be used. However, full beam reflectionsfrom the square corner of the block will

39、produce erroneousresults when standardizing angle beams near 60, due to modeconversion. The square corner of the block should not be usedfor distance standardization.NOTE 4Small errors of beam index location are indigenous to thestandardization procedure using the an IIW-Type Block. Where extremelya

40、ccurate standardization is necessary, a procedure such as that outlined in7.2.2 should be used.7.2.2 For examination of welds, a side-drilled hole may beused for distance, amplitude, position, and depth standardiza-tion.An example is shown in Fig. 1. Move the reflector throughthe beam to18,38,58,78,

41、 and98 of the Vee path. Adjust thedelay to place indication 1 at sweep division 1. Adjust therange to place indication 9 at sweep division 9. Since thesecontrols interact, repeat the delay and range adjustments untilindications 1 and 9 are placed at sweep divisions 1 and 9.Adjust sensitivity to prov

42、ide an 80 %-of-full-screen indicationfrom the highest of the 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 indications. At thissensitivity, mark the maximum amplitudes on the screen fromthe reflector at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Connect these points for thedistance amplitude curve (DA Curve). Corner reflections fromthe hole to the sur

43、face may be observed at 4 and 8 divisions onthe sweep; these indications will not be used in the DA Curve.Measure the position of the reflector on the surface from thefront of the search unit to the surface projection of the holecenterline. Since the depth to the hole is known, the standard-ization

44、provides means for estimating the position, depth, andrelative size of an unknown reflector.7.3 Sensitivity-Amplitude Standardization:7.3.1 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude stan-dardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not varywith beam angle when angle-beam examination i

45、s used.Sensitivity-amplitude reference standards that accomplish thisend are side-drilled holes parallel to the major surfaces of theplate and perpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holesdrilled at the examination angle, and equal-radius reflectors.Surface notches can also accomplish this en

46、d under somecircumstances. These reference reflectors are described inTable 1.7.3.2 Under certain circumstances, sensitivity-amplitudestandardization must be corrected for coupling variations(Section 8) and distance amplitude effects (Section 9).8. Coupling Conditions8.1 Preparation:8.1.1 Where acce

47、ssible, prepare the surface of the depositedweld metal so that it merges into the surfaces of the adjacentbase materials; however, the weld may be examined in theas-welded condition, provided the surface condition does notinterfere with valid interpretation of indications.8.1.2 Free the scanning sur

48、faces on the base material ofweld spatter, scale, dirt, rust, and any extreme roughness oneach side of the weld for a distance equal to several times thethickness of the production material, this distance to begoverned by the size of the search unit and refracted angle ofthe sound beam. Where scanni

49、ng is to be performed along thetop or across this weld, the weld reinforcement may be groundto provide a flat scanning surface. It is important to produce asurface that is as flat as possible. Generally, the surfaces do notrequire polishing; light sanding with a disk or belt sander willusually provide a satisfactory surface for examination.8.1.3 The area of the base material through which the soundwill travel in the angle-beam examination should be com-pletely scanned with a straight-beam search unit to detectreflectors that might affect the interpretation of an