ASTM E1-2007 952 Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers《ASTM玻管液体温度计的标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation:E107Method9501FederalTestMethodStandardNo.791bStandardSpecificationforASTMLiquid-in-GlassThermometers1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthe

2、sesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.1.Scope1.1Thisspecificationcoversliquid-in-glassthermometersgraduatedindegreesCelsiusordegreesFahrenheitthatarefreq

3、uentlyidentifiedandusedinmethodsunderthejurisdictionofthevarioustechnicalcommitteeswithinASTM.ThevariousthermometersspecifiedarelistedinTable1.TheinclusionofanIPnumberinTable1indicates,whereappearing,thatthethermometerspecificationhasbeenjointlyagreeduponbytheBritishInstituteofPetroleum(IP)andASTM.1

4、.2Thisspecificationalsocoversadjustable-rangeenclosed-scalethermometers,graduatedindegreesCelsius,whichareusedinASTMmethods.1.3Theenclosed-scalethermometersarecommonlycalledBeckmannthermometers.Theyaresuitableformeasuringsmalltemperaturedifferencesnotexceeding6Cwithinalargerrangeoftemperature.Thethe

5、rmometersareunsuitableformeasuringCelsius-orkelvin-scaletemperaturesunlesstheyhavebeencomparedwithstandardinstrumentsimmediatelybeforeuse.1.4AnalphabeticlistoftheASTMThermometersincludedinthisstandardisgiveninTable2.1.5AlistofASTMThermometersisgiveninTable3tofacilitateselectionaccordingtotemperature

6、range,immersion,andscale-errorrequirements.NOTE1Foralistingofthermometersrecommendedforgenerallaboratoryuse,theScientificApparatusMakersAssociationSpecificationsforGeneralPurposeGlassLaboratoryThermometersmaybeconsulted.2NOTE2IthasbeenfoundbyexperiencethattheseASTMThermom-eters,althoughdevelopedinge

7、neralforspecifictests,mayalsobefoundsuitableforotherapplications,thusprecludingtheneedfornewthermom-eterspecificationsdifferinginonlyminorfeatures.However,itissuggestedthattechnicalcommitteescontactSubcommitteeE20.05beforechoosingacurrentlyspecifiedthermometerforanewmethodtobesurethethermometerwillb

8、esuitablefortheintendedapplication.1.6Fornon-mercuryalternativestoE1thermometersseeSpecificationE2251.1.7Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheappl

9、ica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.1.8WARNING-MercuryhasbeendesignatedbyEPAandmanystateagenciesasahazardousmaterialthatcancausecentralnervoussystem,kidneyandliverdamage.Mercury,oritsvapor,maybehazardoustohealthandcorrosivetomaterials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryandmercurycontaini

10、ngproducts.SeetheapplicableproductMa-terialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)fordetailsandEPAswebsite-http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm-foradditionalinforma-tion.Usersshouldbeawarethatsellingmercuryand/ormercurycontainingproductsintoyourstatemaybeprohibitedbystatelaw.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:3E77Tes

11、tMethodforInspectionandVerificationofTher-mometersE344TerminologyRelatingtoThermometryandHydrom-etryE563PracticeforPreparationandUseofanIce-PointBathasaReferenceTemperatureE2251SpecificationforLiquid-in-GlassASTMThermom-eterswithLow-HazardPrecisionLiquids3.Terminology3.1DefinitionsThedefinitionsgive

12、ninTerminologyE344apply.3.2DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:3.2.1adjustingdevice,nasectionoftheinstrumentusedtoadjusttheamountofmercuryinthebulbandmaincapillarytothatneededfortheintendedtemperatureinterval.3.2.2bulblength,nthedistancefromthebottomofthebulbtothejunctionofthebulbandthestemtubi

13、ng.3.2.3contractionchamber,nanenlargementofthecap-illary,thatwillappearbelowthemainscaleorbetweenthe1ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE20onTemperatureMeasurementandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE20.05onLiquid-in-GlassThermometersandHydrometers.CurrenteditionapprovedNov.

14、1,2007.PublishedDecember2007.Originallyapprovedin1939.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2005asE105.2AvailablefromSAMAGroupofAssocs.,225Reinekers,Ste.625,Alexandria,VA23314.3ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandar

15、dsvolumeinformation,refertothestandardsDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.1CopyrightASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.mainscaleandtheauxiliaryscale,whichservestoreduceitslengthortopreventcontractionoftheliquidcolumnintothebulb.3.2.4diameter,nt

16、helargestoutsidedimensionoftheglassasmeasuredwitharinggage.3.2.5expansionchamber,nanenlargementatthetopofthecapillarytoprovideprotectionagainstbreakagecausedbyexcessivegaspressure.3.2.6intervalerror,nthedeviationofthenominalvalueofatemperatureintervalfromitstruevalue;eitherforthetotalrange(totalinte

17、rval)orforapartoftherange(partialinterval).3.2.7saddle,nthebottomsupportoftheenclosedscale.3.2.8settingtemperature,nthetemperaturethatyieldsareadingofzeroonthemainscaleforagivenadjustmentoftheamountofmercuryinthebulbandmaincapillary.3.2.9thermometricliquid,ntheliquidinaliquid-in-glassthermometerthat

18、indicatesthevalueoftemperature.3.2.10topofthethermometer,nthetopofthefinishedinstrument.3.2.11totallength,nthedistancefromthebottomofthebulbtothetopofthefinishedthermometer,includinganyspecialfinishatthetop.3.2.12OtherdescriptionsoftermsshallbeinaccordancewiththeTerminologysectionofTestMethodE77.Par

19、tASolid-StemThermometers4.Specifications4.1Theindividualthermometersshallconformtothede-tailedspecificationsgiveninTable1andtothegeneralrequirementsspecifiedinSections5-15.4.2ThermometersmanufacturedtopreviousrevisionsofthisspecificationshallretainthesameASTMstatusasthosemeetingcurrentspecifications

20、.4.3Theencapsulation(jacketing)oftheglassofliquid-in-glassthermometerswithpolyfluorinatedhydrocarbonswillchangetheirperformanceandphysicalcharacteristics,includ-ing,butnotlimitedto,responsetime,accuracy,andphysicaldimensions.Therefore,undernocircumstancesshouldanencapsulatedorotherwisemodifiedASTMth

21、ermometerbeusedinperformingteststhatspecifytheuseofanASTMthermometer.5.Type5.1Thethermometers,asspecifiedinTable1,shallbefilledwithoneofthefollowingliquids:5.1.1Mercury,5.1.2Mercurythalliumeutecticalloy,or5.1.3Tolueneorothersuitableliquidcoloredwithaperma-nentreddye.5.2Thefillingabovetheliquidshallb

22、enitrogenorothersuitableinertgas.6.Stem6.1StemThestemshallbemadeofsuitablethermometertubingandshallhaveaplainfrontandenamelback,unlessotherwisespecifiedinTable1.6.2TopFinishThetopofallthermometersspecifiedinTable1shallhaveaplainroundedfinish,exceptthefollowingwhichshallhavethetopfinishindicatedbelow

23、(unlessindicatedasoptional):6.2.1GlassButtonFinish:Thermometers23C,24C,and25C6.2.2SpecialFinish:6.2.2.1Suitableforassemblyinastandard304.8-mm(12-in.)non-sparkingmetalarmorwithopenface;inacupcaseassembly;orinaflushingcaseassembly:Thermometers58C,58F,59C,59F,60C,60F,97C,97F,98C,98F,130C,and130F6.2.2.2

24、Suitableforassemblyina12-in.non-sparkingmetalarmorwithopenface:Thermometer99F6.2.3RingTop(optionalonly)Thermometers11Cand11F.7.Bulb7.1Thebulbshallbemadeofglasshavingaviscosityofatleast1014.6poisesat490C(914F)andatleast1013.4poisesat520C(968F).7.2Thermometersmadewithbulbglassesnotmeetingtheminimumpro

25、pertiesin7.1shallnotbesubjectedtotempera-turesabove405C(760F)orbecontinuouslyexposedtotemperaturesabove370C(700F).8.CapillaryClearances8.1Thefollowingdistancesbetweengraduationsandthebulb,andbetweengraduationsandenlargementsinthecapil-lary,shallbeminimumlimitsforthermometersinthisspeci-fication.NOTE

26、3Inorderforathermometertobeusableoveritsentiregraduatedrange,graduationmarksshouldnotbeplacedtooclosetoanyenlargementinthecapillary.Insufficientimmersionofthethermometricliquidinthemainbulborcapillaryenlargement,graduationmarksplacedoverpartsofthecapillarythathavebeenchangedbymanufacturingoperations

27、,orgraduationssoclosetothetopofthethermometerthatexcessivegaspressureresultswhenthethermometricliquidisraisedtothislevel,mayleadtoappreciableerrors.8.1.1A13-mmlengthofunchangedcapillarybetweenthebulbandtheimmersionlineorlowestgraduation,ifthegraduationisnotabove100C(212F);a30-mmlengthifthegraduation

28、isabove100C(212F).8.1.2A5-mmlengthofunchangedcapillarybetweenanenlargementandthegraduationnextbelow,exceptatthetopofthethermometer.8.1.3A10-mmlengthofunchangedcapillarybetweenanenlargement,otherthanthebulb,andtheimmersionlineorthegraduationnextabove,ifthegraduationisnotabove100C(212F);a30-mmlengthif

29、thegraduationisabove100C(212F).8.1.4A10-mmlengthofunchangedcapillaryabovethehighestgraduation,ifthereisanexpansionchamberatthetopofthethermometer;a30-mmlengthifthereisnoexpansionchamber.Forthepurposesofthisrequirement,“anexpansionchamber”isinterpretedasanenlargementatthetopendofthecapillaryborewhich

30、shallhaveacapacityequivalenttonotlessthan20mmofunchangedcapillary.E10728.2ItispossibletomanufacturethermometersthatcomplywiththespecificationsgiveninTable1,butdonotmeettherequirementsforcapillaryclearancesgivenabove.Inanycase,thedistancesgiveninthissectionshallbethegoverningfactor.Undernocircumstanc

31、esshallthescalesonthermometersbeplacedcloserthantheseminimumdistances.9.GraduationsandInscriptions9.1Allgraduationlines,immersionlines,figures,andlettersshallbeclearlydefined,suitablycolored,andperma-nent.Thewidthandthesharpnessofthegraduationlinesshallbeinaccordancewith9.2.Themiddleofthegraduationl

32、ineshallbedeterminable.9.1.1Asuitablyetchedthermometerwiththeetchedlinesandfiguresfilledwithapigmentshallbeconsideredperma-nentlymarkedprovideditpassesthetestforpermanencyofpigmentinTestMethodE77.9.1.2Athermometermarkedbyothermeansshallalsobeconsideredpermanentlymarked,provideditpassesthetestforperm

33、anencyofpigmentinTestMethodE77.9.2GraduationLinesAllgraduationlinesshallbestraight,ofuniformwidth,andperpendiculartotheaxisofthethermometer.Thewidthofthegraduationlinesshallbeasfollows:9.2.1Group1Maximumlinewidth0.10mm;forther-mometersthatmayreadtofractionsofadivision,oftenwithmagnifyingaids:Thermom

34、eters14C,14F,26C,28C,28F,29C,29F,30F,33C,33F,34C,34F,35C,35F,44C,44F,45C,45F,46C,46F,47C,47F,48C,48F,50F,51F,52C,56C,56F,62C,62F,63C,63F,64C,64F,65C,65F,66C,66F,67C,67F,68C,68F,69C,69F,70C,70F,72C,72F,73C,73F,74C,74F,89C,90C,91C,92C,93C,94C,95C,96C,100C,101C,110C,110F,111C,112C,113C,113F,116C,117C,1

35、18C,118F,119C,119F,120C,121C,126C,126F,127C,128C,128F,129C,129F,132C,133C,and137C.9.2.2Group2Maximumlinewidth0.15mm;forther-mometersthatmaybereadtothenearesthalfdivisionorwherethecongestionofscaledictatestheuseofascalewithmoderatefineness:Thermometers1C,1F,2C,2F,3C,3F,5C,5F,6C,6F,7C,7F,8C,8F,9C,9F,1

36、0C,10F,11C,11F,12C,12F,13C,15C,15F,16C,16F,17C,17F,18C,18F,19C,19F,20C,20F,21C,21F,22C,22F,23C,24C,25C,36C,37C,38C,39C,40C,41C,42C,43C,43F,49C,54C,54F,61C,61F,71C,71F,82C,82F,83C,83F,84C,84F,85C,85F,86C,86F,87C,87F,99C,99F,102C,103C,104C,105C,106C,107C,108F,109F,114C,122C,123C,124C,125C,134C,135C,13

37、5F,136C,and136F.9.2.3Group3Maximumlinewidth0.20mm;forther-mometerswithmoreopenscales,usuallyreadtothenearestdivision,oftentimesunderadverseconditionswhereaboldgraduationisthereforedesired:Thermometers27C,57C,57F,58C,58F,59C,59F,60C,60F,75F,76F,77F,78F,79F,80F,81F,88C,88F,97C,97F,98C,98F,130C,and130F

38、.9.3ImmersionLineOnpartialimmersionthermometersanimmersionlineshallbepermanentlymarkedonthefrontofthethermometeratthedistanceabovethebottomofthebulbasspecifiedinTable1withinatoleranceof60.5mm,exceptforThermometers82Fto87F,whichshallhavenoimmersionline.Theimmersioninscriptionshallbewrittenincapitalle

39、ttersandabbreviated(forexample,76mmimmersionshallbewritten76MMIMM).9.4TerminalNumbersTheterminalnumbershallbeinfullwhenthereareoneormorenumberedgraduationsbetweenitandthelastfullnumber,beforetheterminalnumber.Thisruleneednotnecessarilybefollowedfor:9.4.1SayboltViscosityThermometers:17C,17F,19C,19F,2

40、0C,20F,21C,21F,77F,78F,79F,80F,and81F9.4.2KinematicViscosityThermometers:28F,29F,30F,44F,45F,46F,47F,48F,72F,73F,74F,110F,118F,126F,128F,and129F9.4.3EnglerViscosityThermometers:23C,24C,and25C9.4.4PrecisionThermometers:65F,66F,67C,67F,and68C9.4.5TankThermometer:97F9.4.6SolidificationPointThermometers

41、:100Cand101C9.4.7ReidVaporPressure:18Cand18F9.4.8OxidationStability:22Cand22F9.5ScaleBelowZeroWhenascaleextendsbothaboveandbelow0Cor0F,thetwopartsofthescaleshallbedifferentiatedbysomemeans.Examplesofsuitablemeansare:9.5.1Differentpigmentcolorsforthetwopartsofthescale,9.5.2Differentstyleofnumericalch

42、aractersforthetwopartsofthescale,and9.5.3Useofminussignsbeforeappropriatenumbersbelow0Cor0F.10.SpecialInscription10.1ThespecialinscriptionspecifiedinTable1shallbemarkedonthethermometerincapitallettersandArabicnumberswithouttheuseofperiods.InadditiontothespecialinscriptionprescribedinTable1,eachtherm

43、ometershallbepermanentlymarkedwithauniqueserialnumberandthemanufacturerstradenameormark.10.2EngravingRevisionDateonASTMThermometersIncludeyearofcurrentrevisioninASTMdesignation(forexample,ASTM1C-99).11.PermanencyofPigment11.1Thetestforpermanencyofpigmentshallbeperformedonanyconvenientportionofthesca

44、lesectionofthethermom-eter.Thepigmentshallnotchalk,burnout,orloosenasaresultofthistest(seeTestMethodE77).12.BulbStability12.1Thetestforbulbstabilityshallbemadeforthefollowingthermometersinthetemperaturerangespecifiedbelowfor24h.Thescaleindicationsafterthetestshallbewithinthemaximumscaleerrorspecifie

45、dinTable1.Obser-vationsofareferencepointbeforeandafterthetesttogiveameasureofthedegreeofbulbstabilityachievedinmanufac-ture.ThebulbisconsideredstableifthechangeinindicationsE1073ofthethermometerinthetestisnomorethan0.7(710)ofthemaximumscaleerrorfoundinTable1.ReferenceshouldbemadetoTestMethodE77.ASTM

46、ThermometerNumberTestTemperatureRange3C,8C,10C,11C,70C360to370C3F,8F,10F,11F,70F680to700F2C,7C,69C,107C280to290C2F,7F,69F540to560F13.ScaleError13.1ThermometersshallbeverifiedandcalibratedatthetemperaturesspecifiedinTable4.Partialimmersionthermom-etersshallbecalibratedfortheemergentstemtemperaturessp

47、ecifiedinTable4.13.1.1Atthetimeofpurchase,thescaleerrorsshallbewithinthemaximumscaleerrorfoundinTable1.Theindicationsofmanyhightemperatureandfractionallygradu-atedthermometersmaychangewithtimeandcontinueduseduetominutechangesinbulbvolume.Periodicverificationofthesethermometers,eitherovertheentiresca

48、leorreverifica-tionatareferencetemperature(icepointorsteampoint),inaccordancewithproceduressetforthinTestMethodE77,isrecommended.Foradditionalinformationonpreparingice-pointbathsseePracticeE563.13.2Duetotheapplicationrequirementsforrangeandconstructionofthefollowingthermometers,itisnotpracticaltoinc

49、ludereferencepointssuchastheiceandsteampoints.13C,14C,14F,17C,17F,18C,18F,19C,19F,20C,20F,21C,21F,23C,24C,26C,27C,38C,49C,50F,51F,56C,56F,76F,77F,78F,79F,80F,81F,83C,83F,84C,84F,87C,87F,91C,92C,93C,96C,98C,98F,100C,101C,102C,103C,104C,105C,106C,107C,108F,109F,111C,116C,117C,122C,123C,and124C14.Case14.1Eachthermometershallbesuppliedinasuitablecaseonwhichshallappearthefollowingmarking(exceptwhenatransparentcaseisused):theletters“ASTM,”thethermometernumber(33C,33F,etc.),andthetemperaturerange.15.MethodsofVerificationandCalibration15.