ASTM D7139-2009(2013) 3125 Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers.pdf

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1、Designation: D7139 09 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Terminology forCotton Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe

2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminologydeveloped by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers

3、industry.Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can befound in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 isalso a tool for managing the Subcommittees terminology. Thisincludes finding, eliminating, and preventing red

4、undancies,that is, where two or more terms relating to the same conceptare defined in different words.1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of SubcommitteeD13.11.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see TerminologyD123.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating

5、to TextilesD1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofCotton Fibers (Array Method)D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for TestingD1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (SodiumHydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)D1445 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elon

6、gation ofCotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity ofCotton Fibers by Photoelectric MeasurementD1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fi-bersD1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of CottonD1684 Practice for Lighting Cotton Classing Roo

7、ms forColor GradingD2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-DryingD2496 Test Method for Seed Coat Fragments and Funiculiin Cotton Fiber Samples (Withdrawn 1986)3D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of CottonD3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Resultsby Use of Calibration Cot

8、ton StandardsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)3D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-rics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-tie

9、s of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification InstrumentsD7642 Practice for Establishment of Calibration Cottons forCotton Classification InstrumentsD7785 Test Method for Water in Lint Cotton by OvenEvaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl FischerTitration3. TerminologyA-tuft, na single-pass process for

10、 aligning hook free fiberson the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332amount, nin cotton length testing with the Fibrograph(optical) or Length Analyzer (pneumatic), a measure of thethickness, optical or pneumatic density, of the test beard,proportional to the number of fibers present at variousdistances from the

11、 base of the comb(s) (Fibrograph) or thespecimen clamp jaws (Length Analyzer). D5867amount, nin cotton length testing with the Fibrograph,ameasure of the thickness, or optical density, of the test beard,proportional to the number of fibers present at variousdistances from the base of the comb(s). D1

12、447B-tuft, na two-pass process for aligning hooked fibers on theFibroliner FL-101. D5332blending plan, nthe instructions for mixing fibers duringspecimen preparation. D5332bound water, nthe amount of water in a test specimen thatis hydrogen bonded to cellulose and expressed as a percent-age of the m

13、ass of the specimen. D77851This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved i

14、n 2009 as D7139092. DOI:10.1520/D7139-09R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approve

15、d version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1calibration cotton standards, ncotton samples taken fromblended bulk source on which fiber properties have beendetermin

16、ed under the International Calibration Cotton Stan-dards Program. D1448, D3025, D5867calibration cotton standards, nbales of cotton with estab-lished values of micronaire, length, uniformity index andbreaking tenacity (strength) for the purpose of calibratingcotton classification instruments for len

17、gth, uniformity indexand breaking tenacity (strength). D7642candidate bale, nbale of saw ginned cotton selected forpotential use as a calibration cotton standard. D7642coefficient of length variation, na measure of fiber lengthdistribution. D1440, D5332color grading, nthe act of identifying a specim

18、en by a colorgrade or color score that is specific to the color and thematerial graded. D1684color lamp, nin color determination of cotton with a ColorMeter, a lamp with a specific energy output function used inconjunction with special tristimulus filters to obtain a desiredresponse function. D5867c

19、olor meter, nan instrument which measures the fibersample color as presented in the viewing window, in terms ofthe tristimulus values Y and Z and transmits these values tothe IC/TC for further processing. D5867color space, nspecific to this standard, the daylight color ofopaque specimens are represe

20、nted by points in a space interms of three color scales: reflectance, Rd, and the chroma-ticity coordinates for redness or greenness, 6a, and yellow-ness or blueness, ber/brusher, nan instrument which prepares the testbeard of fibers for length, length uniformity, strength, andelongation measurement

21、s by combing the test specimen toremove loose or unclamped fibers and paralleling the indi-vidually clamped fibers, and by brushing the clamped fibersto remove fiber crimp and smooth the test beard of cotton.D5867control limits, npredetermined ranges based on the variabil-ity of past observations be

22、tween which the instrument datafor a test must fall to be considered valid. D5867cotton, na vegetable seed fiber consisting of unicellular hairsattached to the seed of several species of the genus Gossy-pium of the family Malvaceae. D1445cotton color diagram, na diagram showing the color rangesof st

23、andards officially established by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture for the various grades of cotton in relation toscales of reflectance. Rd, on the vertical axis, and yellowness,+ b, on the horizontal axis. D5867cotton maturity, nthe degree of fiber wall development.D1442cotton waste, nmaterial rem

24、oved from seed cotton, ginnedlint, or stock in process by any cleaning or processingmachinery and usually consisting of undesirable fibers or amixture of cotton fibers with foreign matter. D2495differential dyeing behavior, nof cotton, the tendency ofcotton fibers to absorb and retain selectively va

25、rying propor-tions of different dyes from a binary dye bath. D1464elevator, na general term describing a mechanical device onthe Motion Control, Inc. Fiber Information System whichmoves the specimen clamp while preparing the specimen orwhile taking a length/uniformity index or strength/elongation me

26、asurement. D5867elongation at breaking force, nin fiber strength testing ofcotton, the elongation corresponding to the maximum force,and expressed as a percentage of the 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) gagelength. D1445, D5867extra long staple cotton, nalso known as Pima cotton,cotton that is of the gossypium barb

27、adense species which ischaracterized by longer, stronger and finer fibers comparedto Upland cotton. D7642fanhead, nthe process of removing one half of the bandsfrom one end of a cotton bale to expand (swell out) the layersof the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642fanheading, nthe proces

28、s of removing one half of the bandsfrom one end of a cotton bale to expand (swell out) the layersof the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642Fiberweigh, nan instrument having a capacity for weighinga 51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sensitivity of at least0.2 % of the mass being weighed.

29、 D5867fibrogram, nin testing cotton fibers for length, the curverepresenting the second cumulation of the length distributionof the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument inscanning the fiber board. D5867fibrogram, nin cotton length testing with the Fibrograph, thecurve representing the se

30、cond cumulation of the lengthdistribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuringinstrument in scanning the fiber board. D1447Fibronaire, nan instrument which determines the micronairereading of raw cotton fibers using the “porous-plug” air flowtechnique. D5867foreign matter, nin cotton, non-li

31、nt material commonlyreferred to as waste or trash such as dust, sand, seed-coatfragments, leaves, and stems normally present in raw andpartially processed cotton. D2812, D5426free water, nthe amount of water in a test specimen that ishydrogen bonded to other water in cellulose and expressedas a perc

32、entage of the mass of the specimen.DISCUSSIONFree water in cellulose freezes. A distinction of boundwater into the freezing and non-freezing kinds is not necessary. Bothkinds of bound water, if present, come off the fibers since no residualwater can be detected. D7785ginned lint, ncotton fibers that

33、 have been separated fromtheir seeds by ginning but not subjected to any furtherprocessing after ginning. (See lint cotton.) D2495D7139 09 (2013)2hooks, nin fiber testing, curved or bent fiber ends caused bythe carding or specimen preparation processes. D5332horseshoe, na length of sliver folded in

34、a manner such thatthe two ends can be fed simultaneously into the needle fieldof the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332IC/TC, nabbreviation for Intelligent Color/TrashCoordinator. D5867IDT, nabbreviation for Intelligent Data Terminal. D5867illumination, nin lighting, the density or flux of light on aunit area

35、 of surface. D1684immature fibers, n(1) (cotton fibers treated with sodiumhydroxide solution)fibers that either (a) have swollen andassumed a spiral form, or (b) remained flat, thinly outlined,and almost transparent. Total wall width is less than thelumen width.(2) (cotton fibers observed under pola

36、rized light)fibersthat appear purple, indigo, or blue, turn orange or yellow-orange upon rotation to the subtractive position, and uponremoval of the selenite plate show parallel extinction.(Compare mature fibers.) D1442invisible waste, nin cotton testing, weight loss due to dust,moisture, loose fib

37、ers, etc., carried away by the air streamduring the test. D2812length (for cotton classification), nan industry term forupper half mean length reported in millimeters or inches.D7642length analyzer, nan instrument which determines theupper-half-mean length and length uniformity index of a testbeard

38、of cotton. D5867length group, nall fibers, or pulls, whose lengths fall withina given length interval. D1440length interval, na class interval of18 in. (3 mm), usuallydesignated by its midpoint length in odd-numbered six-teenths of an inch. D1440lint, nin loose cotton, fibers mostly of spinnable len

39、gth. (Seealso linters.) D2812lint content, nthat portion of a mass of cotton fiber consist-ing of fiber, including normal moisture content, but exclud-ing foreign matter. D2812lint cotton, nloose cotton fibers in any form, either raw orprocessed, free of seeds and not bound together in yarn orfabric

40、. (See also ginned lint.) D2495linters, nthe short fibrous material adhering to the cottonseed after the spinnable lint has been removed by ginningand which is subsequently recovered from the seed by aprocess called “delinting.” D5867lot, nin acceptance sampling of cotton, the main stock,supply, or

41、source of fibers to be sampled. D1441lot sample, nin cotton, a relatively large sample taken in thefield to represent a consignment, shipment, or lot, for use inthe preparation of the laboratory samples. D1441lumen, nin vegetable fibers, the central canal of the fiber.D1442mature fibers, ncotton fib

42、ers treated with sodium hydroxidesolutionfibers that have swollen into unconvoluted andalmost rod-like shapes, where total wall width is equal to orgreater than the lumen width. D1442mature fibers, ncotton fibers observed under polarizedlightfibers that appear yellow, yellow green, or green andare y

43、ellow or light yellow upon rotation to the subtractiveposition (through 90) and show little or no parallel extinc-tion on removal of the selenite plate. (Compare immaturefibers.) D1442maturity index, na relative indication of cotton fiber matu-rity.mean length, nin testing of cotton fibers, the aver

44、age lengthof all the fibers in the test specimen based on mass-lengthdata. D1440,D1447micronaire reading, na relative measurement of fiber fine-ness derived from the porous plug air-flow method. D1442,D1448, D 5867D5867mote, na whole, immature cotton seed. D2496,D 5867D5867non-lint content, nthat po

45、rtion of a mass of cotton fiberwhich is essentially foreign matter. D2812number of pieces of trash, nin testing cotton with the TrashMeter, a number correlated with the total number of piecesof trash on the surface of the sample of cotton over theviewing window. D5867one-percent length (L1 %N), nin

46、fiber testing, the lengthexceeded by 1 % of the number of fibers in a test specimen.D5332percent area, nin testing cotton with the Trash Meter, theratio of total area of trash on the surface of a sample ofcotton to that of the area of the viewing window, expressedin a percentage of the area of the v

47、iewing window. D5867pull, na group of fibers grasped by the forceps at one timeand drawn from the specimen in the combs. D1440ratch-setting by number (L1 % N), nthe basis for settingroll spacing in the drafting zone, namely, the length ex-ceeded by1%ofthenumber of fibers in a test specimen.D5332raw

48、cotton, nginned lint that has not been subjected to anytextile manufacturing process. (See also ginned lint.) D2495Rdand +b, nfor the purpose of this test method for color, thedaylight color of opaque cotton specimens represented bypoints in a space as described by Hunter in terms of twocolor scales

49、: reflectance, Rd, and the chromaticity coordi-nates for yellowness, + b. D5867reference standard, nin cotton testing, a homogeneous lotof cotton having a known or accepted value for one or morephysical properties. D3025D7139 09 (2013)3ringer cotton, nbale of saw ginned cotton with establishedvalues referenced to the benchmark cottons for the purposeof assuring consistency in the establishment of calibrationcotton standards between value settings. D7642roller ginned cotton, nlint cotton extracted fro