ASTM D7099-2004(2018) 6875 Standard Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock.pdf

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1、Designation: D7099 04 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Terminology Relating toFrozen Soil and Rock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num

2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms whichrelate to frozen soils and rocks.1.2 It is based on: a list of definitions drawn up by A

3、STMSub-Committee D18.19; ASTM standards; a list of definitionsdrawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group(CGRG); the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC), at the University of Colorado, at Boulder; the Keysto Soil Taxo

4、nomy of the United States Department of Agricul-ture (USDA); and contributions by a number of individuals.1.3 For all of the terms included, the source is included inparentheses after the definition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its

5、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized princip

6、les on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,

7、 Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Other References:Harris, S. A., French, H. M., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston,G. H., Ladanyi, B., Sego, D. C., and van Everdingen, R.O., 1988, Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms, Techn

8、ical Memorandum, Associate Committee onGeotechnical Research, Ottawa, CanadaEverdingen, Robert van, ed., 1998, revised January,2002, Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Re-lated Ground-Ice Terms, National Snow and Ice DataCenter/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, Colo-radoNational Snow

9、 and Ice Data Center, 2003, English LanguageGlossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms,Boulder, Colorado, http:/nsdic.org/fgdc/glossary/english.htmlNatural Resources Conservation Service, United States De-partment of Agriculture, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, NinthEdition, 2003, 331 pp., http:/soi

10、ls.usda.gov/technical/classication/tax_keysPermafrost Map of the USSR (1:2,500,000), 1996, Depart-ment of Geocryology, Moscow State University, 16 sheets3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions ofall of those terms which are used in association with frozenmater

11、ials, including rocks, soils, and water.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:4.1.1 All of the definitions are consistent with those listed inTerminology D653.active layerthe top layer of ground that is subject to annualfreezing and thawing. (In the zone of discontinuouspermafrost, the active layer is often

12、 underlain by unfrozenground.)active layer failureany of several possible forms of slopefailure in the active layer. NSIDCactive layer thicknessthe thickness of the top layer ofground that is subject to annual freezing and thawing.NSIDCactive rock glaciera mass of rock fragments and finermaterial, o

13、n a slope, that contains an ice core or interstitialice, and which shows evidence of recent movement. NSIDCadfreeze shear strengththe shear stress required to separatetwo objects that are bonded together by ice.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is

14、the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soilsand Rock.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7099 04(2010). DOI:10.1520/D7099-04R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w

15、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis

16、international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT

17、) Committee.1adfreeze tensile strengththe tensile stress required to sepa-rate two objects that are bonded together by ice. NSIDCadfreezingthe process by which objects are bonded togetherby the ice formed between them. NSIDCaggradation of permafrostsee permafrost aggradation.aggradational icenewly f

18、ormed ice lenses, especially in thelower part of the active layer, which become incorporatedinto the permafrost due to a raising of the permafrost table ora lowering of the permafrost base.air freezing indexsee freezing index.air thawing indexsee thawing index.albedothe fraction of the total solar r

19、adiation incident on abody that is reflected by it.alpine permafrostpermafrost developed in temperate cli-mate mountainous areas.altitudinal permafrost limitthe lowest altitude at whichmountain permafrost occurs in a highland area outside of thegeneral permafrost region. NSIDCaltitudinal permafrost

20、zonationthe vertical subdivision ofmountain permafrost into zones based on mean annualtemperatures. NSIDCapparent heat capacitythe amount of heat required to raisethe temperature of a unit mass of frozen ground by onedegree. It is expressed in Joules per kg per degree K. NSIDCapproximate freezing in

21、dexthe cumulative number ofdegree-days below 0C for a given period, calculated fromthe mean monthly temperatures for a given station withoutmaking corrections for positive degree-days in the springand fall. NSIDCapproximate thawing indexthe cumulative number ofdegree-days above 0C for a given period

22、, calculated fromthe mean monthly temperatures for a given station withoutmaking corrections for negative degree-days in the springand fall.artificial ground freezingthe process of freezing earthmaterials by artificial means.banded cryogenic fabrica distinct soil morphology inwhich soil particles fo

23、rm subhorizontal layers as the result offreezing and thawing. NSIDCbarrensareas of discontinuous vegetation cover in the polarsemi-desert of the High Arctic. NSIDCbasal cryopega layer of unfrozen ground, forming the basalportion of permafrost, in which the temperature is perenni-ally below 0C (32F).

24、 NSIDCbasal cryostructurethe structural characteristics of a frozendeposit of boulders that is saturated with ice. NSIDCbasal-layered cryostructurethe structural characteristics ofa frozen layered deposit of gravel and boulders that issaturated with ice. NSIDCbeaded streama characteristic pattern of

25、 small streamsunderlain by ice wedges. “Beads,” or pools, occur atjunctions of wedges. The pools are linked by narrowchannels. NSIDCbottom temperature of snow covertemperature measuredat the base of the snow cover during mid- to late-winter(February/March). The measurements are used in the BTSmethod

26、 to predict the presence or absence of permafrost.NSIDCBTS methoda method to predict the presence or absence ofpermafrost in a mountainous area, using measurements ofthe bottom temperature of the snow in mid- to late-winter.NSIDCburied iceice formed on the ground surface and latercovered by sediment

27、s.candled iceice that has rotted or otherwise formed, bymelting during the spring, into long columnar crystals whichare very loosely bonded together. A distinctive “chiming”sound accompanies movement during “ice-out.”cave iceice formed in an open or closed cave. NSIDCclear iceice that is transparent

28、 and contains only a moderatenumber of air bubbles.closed-cavity iceice formed in a closed space, cavity, orcave, in permafrost. NSIDCclosed-system freezingfreezing that occurs under conditionsthat preclude the gain or loss of water by the system. NSIDCclosed-system pingoa pingo formed by the doming

29、 offrozen ground due to the freezing of injected water. Thewater is provided by the expulsion of pore water during thegrowth of permafrost. Closed-system pingos are found inpoorly-drained terrain in the continuous permafrost zone.NSIDCclosed talika body of unfrozen ground occupying a depres-sion in

30、the permafrost table below a lake or river. NSIDCcloudy iceice that is translucent or relatively opaque due tothe content of air or for other reasons, but which isessentially sound and nonpervious.coefficient of compressibilitythe change in volume per unitvolume of a substance per unit increase in e

31、ffective com-pressive stress, under isothermal conditions. NSIDCcollapse scarthat part of a peatland where the whole, or part,of a peat plateau has thawed and collapsed to the level of thesurrounding land. Collapses scars are not depressions but aremarked by vegetation different from the peatland th

32、at wasnot underlain by permafrost. NSIDCcomposite wedgea wedge, containing both soil and ice, thatshows evidence of both primary and secondary filling.NSIDCcompressive strengththe load per unit area at which anunconfined cylindrical specimen of soil or rock will fail in aD7099 04 (2018)2simple compr

33、ession test. Commonly the failure load is themaximum that the specimen can withstand in the test. D653conglomeric cryogenic fabrica distinct soil micromorphol-ogy resulting from the effects of freezing and thawing, inwhich coarser soil particles form compound arrangements.NSIDCconstruction methods i

34、n permafrostspecial procedures ofdesign and construction that are required when engineeringworks are undertaken in areas of permafrost.contemporary permafrost(1) newly formed permafrost inan area where surface temperatures have fallen below 0C(32F); (2) permafrost that is in thermal equilibrium with

35、 theexisting mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature andthe geothermal heat flux.continuous permafrostpermafrost occurring everywherebeneath the exposed land surface throughout a geographicregion, with the exception of widely scattered sites, such asnewly-deposited unconsolidated sediments, wh

36、ere the cli-mate has just begun to impose its influence on the groundthermal regime and will cause the formation of continuouspermafrost.continuous permafrost zonea major subdivision of a per-mafrost region, in which permafrost occurs everywherebeneath the land surface, with the possible exception o

37、fwidely scattered sites; both in North American (GPRGIT)and in Russian (Permafrost Map of the USSR) usage: 80 %of area underlain by permafrost.convection tubea closed single-phase heat transfer devicethat removes heat from the ground whenever conditions areappropriate to drive the internal convectio

38、n cell.creep of frozen groundthe slow deformation that resultsfrom long-term application of a stress too small to producefailure in the frozen material.creep strengththe failure strength of a material at a givenrate of strain or after a given period under deviatoric stress.NSIDCcrust-like cryostruct

39、urethe structural properties of a frozendeposit of angular blocks that are coated with ice, whilelarge spaces between the blocks are not filled with ice.NSIDCcryofrontthe boundary between frozen and unfrozenground, as indicated by the position of the 0C isotherm inthe ground. NSIDCcryogenesisthe com

40、bination of thermophysical, physico-chemical, and physico-mechanical processes that occur infreezing, frozen, and thawing earth materials. NSIDCcryogenic aquicludea frozen layer of ground with suffi-ciently low permeability as to act as a confining bed for anaquifer. NSIDCcryogenic fabricthe distinc

41、t soil micromorphology whichresults from the effects of freezing and thawing processes.NSIDCcryogenic temperaturethe term can apply to temperaturesbelow 50C but is usually used for those temperatures closeto absolute zero (273C). NSIDCcryolithologythe study of the genesis, structure, and lithol-ogy

42、of frozen earth materials. NSIDCcryopedologythe study of soils at temperatures below 0C.cryopega layer of unfrozen ground in which the temperatureis perennially below 0C. In general, the freezing of suchlayers is prevented due to the depression of the freezingpoint by solids dissolved in the pore wa

43、ter.cryoplanationthe process through which cryoplanation ter-races form. NSIDCcryoplanation terraceshillside benches or table-like sum-mit surfaces which are thought to have resulted from intensefrost wedging associated with snowbanks. These are usuallyunderlain by permafrost and are considered by s

44、ome asdiagnostic landforms of permafrost terrain. NSIDCcryosolsoil within 1 to2mofthesurface in which the meanannual ground temperature is below 0C. NSIDCcryospherethat part of the Earths crust, hydrosphere, andatmosphere subject, for at least a part of each year, totemperatures below 0C (32F). NSID

45、Ccryostructurethe structural characteristics of frozen earthmaterials. NSIDCcryosuctiona suction which develops in freezing orpartially-frozen fine-grained materials due to temperature-dependent differences in unfrozen water content. NSIDCcryotexturethe textural characteristics of frozen earth ma-te

46、rials cemented together with ice. NSIDCcryotic groundsoil or rock in which the temperatures are0C, or below. NSIDCcryoturbatea body of earth material moved or disturbed bythe action of frost. NSIDCcryoturbation(1) a collective term to describe all soilmovements due to frost action; (2) irregular str

47、ucturesformed in earth materials by deep frost penetration and frostaction processes. NSIDCdebris flowa sudden and destructive form of landslide, inwhich loose materials on a slope, with at least half of theparticles being larger than sand, are mobilized by saturationand flow downwards. NSIDCdeforma

48、bilitythe ability of a material to change its shape orsize under the influence of an external or internal agency.NSIDCdegree-daya unit of heat measurement equal to one degreeof the variation of the mean temperature for a day from agiven reference (or, base) temperature.degree of saturation(1) the to

49、tal degree of saturation offrozen soil is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of theD7099 04 (2018)3volume of ice and unfrozen water in the soil pores to thevolume of the pores; (2) the degree of saturation of frozensoil by ice, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of thevolume of ice in the soil pores to the volume of the pores.NSIDCdensity of frozen groundthe ratio of mass per unit ofvolume of frozen earth materials.depth of seasonal frost penetrationthe maximum thicknessof the seas