ASTM D4687-2014 Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling《通用废料取样计划标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4687 14Standard Guide forGeneral Planning of Waste Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe analysis and testing of solid waste requires collection of adequately sized, representativesamples. Wastes are found in various locations and physical s

3、tates. Therefore, each sampling routineshall be tailored to fit the waste and situation. Wastes often occur as nonhomogeneous mixtures instratified layers or as poorly mixed conglomerations. For example, wastes are commonly stored ordisposed of in surface impoundments with stratified or layered slud

4、ges covered by ponded wastewater.In these situations, the collector may be faced with sampling the wastewater, the sludge, and somedepth of soil beneath the sludges. Collecting representative samples in these situations requires acarefully assessed, well-planned, and well-executed sampling routine.1

5、. Scope1.1 This guide provides information for formulating andplanning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that arecommon to most waste sampling situations.1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are asfollows:SectionSafety plans 4Sampling plans 5Quality assurance consideratio

6、ns 6General sampling considerations 7Preservation and containerization 8Cleaning equipment 9Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures 10Chain-of-custody procedure 111.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive samplingprocedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to anyspecific appl

7、ication. It is the responsibility of the user to assurethat the procedures used are proper and adequate.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and

8、are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations

9、prior to use. For more specificprecautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process2.2 Other Document:EPA-SW-846 Test Methods

10、 for Evaluating Solid Waste,Physical/Chemical Methods33. Significance and Use3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general andprovide the user with information helpful for writing samplingplans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling proc

11、edures, generalcleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user hasknowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safetyhazards.3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites orwastes when safety hazards are unknown. In

12、 such cases, theuser shall use other more appropriate procedures.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyappr

13、oved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4687 95(2006).DOI: 10.1520/D4687-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document

14、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Safety Plans4.1 Proper safety precautions shall always be observ

15、edwhen sampling wastes. Persons collecting samples shall beaware that the waste can be a strong sensitizer and corrosive,flammable, explosive, toxic, and capable of releasing ex-tremely poisonous gases. The background information ob-tained about the waste should be helpful in deciding the extentof s

16、afety precautions to be observed and in choosing protectiveequipment to be used. The information obtained should bechecked for hazardous properties against such references as“Saxs Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials”4the“Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary,”5and the “Toxicand Hazardous In

17、dustrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Han-dling and Disposal with Toxicity and Hazard Data.”6NOTE 1The following safety precautions are not comprehensive.Rather, they provide additional guidance on health and safety to comple-ment professional judgment and experience.4.2 Personnel should wear protect

18、ive equipment when re-sponse activities involve known or suspected atmosphericcontamination, vapors, gases, or airborne particulates may begenerated, or direct contact with skin-affecting substances mayoccur. Respirators can protect lungs, gastrointestinal tract, andeyes against air toxicants. Chemi

19、cal-resistant clothing canprotect the skin from contact with skin-destructive and-absorbable chemicals. Good personal hygiene limits or pre-vents ingestion of material.4.2.1 Equipment to protect the body against contact withknown or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided intofour categories a

20、ccording to the degree of protection afforded:4.2.1.1 Level AShould be worn when the highest level ofrespiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.4.2.1.2 Level BShould be selected when the highest levelof respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skinprotection. Level B protection i

21、s the minimum level recom-mended on initial site entries until the hazards have beenfurther defined by on-site studies and appropriate personnelprotection utilized.4.2.1.3 Level CShould be selected when the type(s) ofairborne substance(s) is (are) known, the concentrations(s) ismeasured, and the cri

22、teria for using air-purifying respirators aremet.4.2.1.4 Level DShould not be worn on any site withrespiratory or skin hazards. It is primarily a work uniformproviding minimal protection.4.2.2 The level of protection selected should be basedprimarily on the following:4.2.2.1 Type(s) and measured con

23、centration(s) of the chemi-cal substance(s) in the ambient atmosphere and its toxicity, and4.2.2.2 Potential or measured exposure to substances in air,splashes of liquids, or other direct contact with material as aresult of work being performed.4.2.2.3 In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s),

24、concentration(s), and possibilities of contact are not known, theappropriate level of protection shall be selected based onprofessional experience and judgment until the hazards can bebetter characterized.4.2.3 Level A ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:(a) Pressure-demand, self-contained brea

25、thing apparatus,approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA) and National Institute of Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH),(b) Fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit,(c) Coveralls,7(d) Long cotton underwear,7(e) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,(f) Gloves (inner), chemical-re

26、sistant,(g) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank. (De-pending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot),(h) Hard hat7(under suit),(i) Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots7(wornover fully encapsulating suit), and(j) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).4.2.3.

27、1 The fully encapsulating suit provides the highestdegree of protection to skin, eyes, and respiratory system if thesuit material is resistant to the chemical(s) of concern duringthe time the suit is worn or at the measured or anticipatedconcentrations, or both. While Level A provides maximumprotect

28、ion, the suit material may be rapidly permeated andpenetrated by certain chemicals from extremely high airconcentrations, splashes, or immersion of boots or gloves inconcentrated liquids or sludges. These limitations should berecognized when specifying the type of chemical-resistantgarment. Whenever

29、 possible, the suit material should bematched with the substance it is used to protect against.4.2.3.2 Many toxic substances are difficult to detect ormeasure in the field. When such substances (especially thosereadily absorbed by or destructive to the skin) are known orsuspected to be present and p

30、ersonnel contact is unavoidable,Level A protection should be worn until more accurate infor-mation can be obtained.4.2.4 Level B ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:4.2.4.1 Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing appara-tus (MSHA/NIOSH approved),4.2.4.2 Chemical-resistant clothing (overalls a

31、nd long-sleeved jacket; coveralls; hooded, one- or two-piece chemical-splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),4.2.4.3 Coveralls,74.2.4.4 Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,4.2.4.5 Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,4.2.4.6 Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank,4.2.4.7 Boots (o

32、uter), chemical-resistant (disposable, wornover permanent boots),74.2.4.8 Hard hat (face shield),7and4.2.4.9 Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).4.2.4.10 Level B equipment provides a high level of pro-tection to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat lower level ofprotection to skin. Th

33、e chemical-resistant clothing required in4Lewis, Richard J. Sr., Saxs Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,5Volume Set, 12thed., John Wiley and Sons, 2012.5Lewis, Richard J. Sr., Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary,15thed., JohnWiley and Sons, 2007.6Gijutsu, Kagai and Kenkyujo, Shiryo (Tok

34、yo, Japan), Toxic and HazardousIndustrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Handling and Disposal with Toxicity andHazard Data, Tokyo International Technical Information Institute, 1975.7Equipment is optional.D4687 142Level B is available in a wide variety of styles, materials,construction detail, permeab

35、ility, and so forth. These factors allaffect the degree of protection afforded. Therefore, a specialistshould select the most effective chemical-resistant clothing(and fully encapsulating suit) based on the known or antici-pated hazards or job function, or both.4.2.4.11 For initial site entry and re

36、connaissance at an opensite, approaching whenever possible from the upwinddirection, Level B protection (with good quality, hooded,chemical-resistant clothing) should protect response personnel,providing the conditions described in selecting Level A areknown or judged to be absent.4.2.5 Level C Prot

37、ectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:4.2.5.1 Full-face, air purifying, canister-equipped respirator(MSHA/NIOSH approved),4.2.5.2 Chemical-resistant clothing (coveralls; hooded, two-piece chemical splash suit; chemical-resistant hood and apron;disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),4.2.5.3 Coverall

38、s,74.2.5.4 Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,4.2.5.5 Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,74.2.5.6 Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank,4.2.5.7 Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, wornover permanent boots),74.2.5.8 Hard hat (face shield),74.2.5.9 Escape mask7, and4.2.5.10 Two-way

39、 radio communications (intrinsicallysafe).4.2.5.11 Level C protection is distinguished from Level Bby the equipment used to protect the respiratory system,assuming the same type of chemical-resistant clothing is used.The main selection criterion for Level C is that conditionspermit wearing air-purif

40、ying devices.4.2.5.12 Total unidentified vapor/gas concentrations of 5ppm above background require Level B protection. Only aqualified individual should select Level C (air-purifying respi-rators) protection for continual use in an unidentified vapor/gasconcentration of background to 5 ppm above bac

41、kground.4.2.6 Level D ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:4.2.6.1 Coveralls,4.2.6.2 Gloves,74.2.6.3 Boots/shoes, leather or chemical-resistant, steel toeand shank,4.2.6.4 Boots, chemical-resistant (disposable worn over per-manent boots),74.2.6.5 Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles,74.2.6.

42、6 Hard hat (face shield),7and4.2.6.7 Escape mask.74.2.6.8 Level D protection is primarily a work uniform. Itshould be worn in areas where: (1) only boots can becontaminated, or (2) there are no inhalable toxic substances.4.3 Personnel should not eat, drink, or smoke during or aftersampling until aft

43、er decontamination steps are taken. Samplingpersonnel should be trained in safety aspects of hazardouswaste sampling.4.4 Testing air emission for determining the vapor/gasconcentrations can be accomplished through the use of aportable organic vapor analyzer. The probe should be held 1 to2 in. (2.5 t

44、o 5 cm) above the sampling point. Follow manufac-turers operating instructions for proper calibration, use, andcare.5. Sampling Plans5.1 A sampling plan is a scheme or design to locatesampling points so that suitable representative samples descrip-tive of the waste body can be obtained. Development

45、ofsampling plans requires the following:5.1.1 Review of background information about the wasteand site.5.1.2 Knowledge of the waste location and situation.5.1.3 Decisions as to the types of samples needed.5.1.4 Decisions as to the sampling design required.5.2 Background data on the waste is extremel

46、y helpful inpreassessment of the wastes composition, hazards, and extent.(See Notes 2 and 3.)NOTE 2If, after researching the available background information theuser cannot obtain from the material enough information about the wasteto determine the probable composition and probable hazards, then the

47、 usershould use other procedures. Such situations are beyond the scope of thisguide.NOTE 3The background information is needed to determine necessarysafety equipment, safety procedures, sampling equipment and samplingdesign, and procedures to be used.5.2.1 Possible sources of information on the site

48、 and wasteinclude the following:5.2.1.1 File searches of state and local records includingwaste manifests, waste approvals, and land permit applications.5.2.1.2 File searches of generator records (if the generatorcan be identified) including chemical analyses, safety datasheets, design drawings, and

49、 manufacturing process informa-tion.5.2.1.3 File searches of treatment, storage, disposal, andtransport facilities. Records involved with handling the waste.5.2.1.4 Researching published data concerning the site suchas scientific journal articles, EPA publications, and newspaperstories. Newspapers are the most likely source, but the infor-mation is seldom very technical.5.2.1.5 Interviews of key people such as past and presentemployees of the site or generator, state and local officials,residents of the area, and so forth.5.2.1.6 Aerial photographs provide a histor