ASTM D4177-2016e1 Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products《石油和石油制品自动取样的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4177 161Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.2Standard Practice forAutomatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado

2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defen

3、se.1NOTESubsection 18.7.7.1 was corrected editorially in April 2017.INTRODUCTIONThe previous version of the automatic sampling practice described the design, installation, testing,and operation of automated equipment for the extraction of representative samples from the flowingstream and storing mai

4、nly for crude oil.This practice is a performance-based standard. It still includes the design, installation, testing, andoperation of automated equipment for extraction of representative samples. It also includes the testingand proving of a sampling system in the field under actual operating conditi

5、ons to ensure that theequipment, installation, and operating procedures produce representative samples. The acceptancecriteria for custody transfer are covered in this practice. This practice does not address how to samplecrude at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Extensive revisions h

6、ave been made to theprior version of D4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2).This practice also provides guidance for periodic verification of the sampling system.This practice is separated into three parts:GeneralSections 517(Part I) are currently applicable to crude oil and refined products. Reviewthis secti

7、on before designing or installing any automatic sampling system.Crude Oil SamplingSection 18 (Part II) contains additional information required to complete thedesign, testing, and monitoring of a crude oil sampling system.Refined Product SamplingSection 19 (Part III) contains additional information

8、required tocomplete the design of a refined product sampling system.Arepresentative sample is “Aportion extracted from the total volume that contains the constituentsin the same proportions that are present in that total volume.” Representative samples are required forthe determination of chemical a

9、nd physical properties that are used to establish standard volumes,prices, and compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.The process of obtaining a representative sample consists of the following: the physical equipment,the correct matching of that equipment to the application, the ad

10、herence to procedures by theoperator(s) of that equipment, and the proper handling and analysis.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes general procedures and equip-ment for automatically obtaining samples of liquid petroleumand petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate productsfrom the sample p

11、oint into the primary container. This practicealso provides additional specific information about samplecontainer selection, preparation, and sample handling. If sam-pling is for the precise determination of volatility, use PracticeD5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this1This practice

12、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on PetroleumMeasurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 /COMQ thejoint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer(Joint ASTM-API).

13、 This practice has been approved by the sponsoring committeesand accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established proce-dures. This practice was issued as a joint ASTM-API standard in 1982.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1982.

14、 Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4177 15a. DOI:10.1520/D4177-16E01.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Jointly copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA and the American Petroleum Institute (A

15、PI), 1220 L Street NW, Washington DC 20005, USAThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World

16、 Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to PracticeD5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). This practice does not coversampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids.1.2 Table of Contents:SectionINTRODUCTIONScope 1Referenced

17、 Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4PART IGENERALRepresentative Sampling Components 5Design Criteria 6Automatic Sampling Systems 7Sampling Location 8Mixing of the Flowing Stream 9Proportionality 10Sample Extractor Grab Volume 11Containers 12Sample Handling and Mixing 13Control Systems 14S

18、ample System Security 15System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests) 16Performance Monitoring 17PART IICRUDE OILCrude Oil 18PART IIIREFINED PRODUCTSRefined Products 19KEYWORDSKeywords 20ANNEXESCalculations of the Margin of Error based on Number ofSample GrabsAnnex A1Theoretical Calculations for Sel

19、ecting the Sampler ProbeLocationAnnex A2Performance Criteria for Portable Sampling Units Annex A3Profile Performance Test Annex A4Sampler Acceptance Test Data Annex A5APPENDIXESDesign Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System Appendix X1Comparisons of Percent Sediment and Water versusUnloading Time P

20、eriodAppendix X21.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or USCustomary (USC) units are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayre

21、sult in non-conformance with the standard. Except wherethere is no direct SI equivalent, such as for National PipeThreads/diameters, or tubing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar

22、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for th

23、eDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4840

24、Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4928 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by CoulometricKarl Fischer TitrationD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum Products2.2 API Stan

25、dards:3MPMS Chapter 3 Tank GaugingMPMS Chapter 4 Proving SystemsMPMS Chapter 5 MeteringMPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling ofLiquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products(ASTM Practice D5854)MPMS Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling and Han-dling of Fuels for Volatility Measur

26、ement (ASTM PracticeD5842)MPMS Chapter 10 Sediment and WaterMPMS Chapter 13 Statistical Aspects of Measuring andSamplingMPMS Chapter 20 Production Allocation Measurement forHigh Water Content Crude Oil SamplingMPMS Chapter 21 Flow Measurement Using ElectronicMetering Systems2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 19

27、98 Petroleum Industry Terminology Part 6:MeasurementNOTE 1See the Bibliography at the end of this standard for importanthistorical references.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 automatic sampling system, nfluid sampling systemthat consists of: (a) flowing fluid st

28、ream conditioning, ifrequired; (b) a means of automatically extracting a represen-tative sample; (c) pacing of the sample extraction in a flow ortime proportional manner; and (d) delivering of each extractedsample to a sample container or an analyzer.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe system consists of a sample

29、 extrac-tor with an associated controller and flow-measuring or timingdevice, collectively referred to as an automatic sampler or2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informati

30、on, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.a

31、nsi.org.D4177 1612auto-sampler. In addition, the system may include a flowconditioner, slipstream, sample probe, and sample condition-ing.3.1.1.2 DiscussionSystems may deliver the sample di-rectly to an analytical device or may accumulate a compositesample for offline analysis, in which case, the sy

32、stem includessample mixing and handling and a primary sample container.3.1.1.3 DiscussionAutomatic sampling systems may beused for liquids.3.1.2 batch, ndiscrete shipment of commodity defined bya specified quantity, a time interval, or quality.3.1.3 component testing, nprocess of individually testin

33、gthe components of a system.3.1.4 dead volume, nin sampling, the volume trappedbetween the extraction point and the primary sample container.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis represents potential for contami-nation between batches.3.1.5 droplet dispersion, adjdegree to which a fluid in animmiscible fluid mixtu

34、re is composed of small droplets distrib-uted evenly throughout the volume of the pipe.3.1.6 flow-proportional sample, nsample taken from apipe such that the rate of sampling is proportional throughoutthe sampling period to the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe.3.1.7 free water, nwater that exists

35、as a separate phase.3.1.8 grab, nvolume of sample extracted from a flowingstream by a single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.9 homogeneous, adjquality of being uniform withrespect to composition, a specified property or a constituentthroughout a defined area or space.3.1.10 linefill, nvolume o

36、f fluid contained between twospecified points in piping or tubing.3.1.11 sample controller, ndevice used in automatic sam-pling that governs the operation of a sample extractor.3.1.12 sample extractor, nin sampling, a mechanical de-vice that provides for the physical measured segregation andextracti

37、on of a grabbed sample from the total volume in apipeline, slip stream, or tank and ejects the sample towards theprimary sample container.3.1.13 slip stream sample loop, nlow-volume stream di-verted from the main pipeline, intended to be representative ofthe total flowing stream.3.1.14 slip stream t

38、ake-off probe, ndevice, inserted intothe flowing stream, which directs a representative portion ofthe stream to a slip stream sample loop.3.1.15 volume regulator sampler, ndevice that allowspipeline pressure to push a set volume into a chamber that isthen trapped and redirected to the sample receive

39、r.3.2 Definitions Related to Sample Containers:3.2.1 constant volume sample container, nvessel with afixed volume.3.2.2 floating piston container, FPC, nhigh-pressuresample container, with a free floating internal piston thateffectively divides the container into two separate compart-ments.3.2.3 por

40、table sample container, nvessel that can bemanually transported.3.2.4 primary sample container, ncontainer in which asample is initially collected, such as a glass or plastic bottle, acan, a core-type thief, a high-pressure cylinder, a floatingpiston cylinder, or a sample container in an automatic s

41、amplingsystem.3.2.5 profile average, nin sampling, the average of allpoint averages.3.2.6 profile testing, nprocedure for simultaneously sam-pling at several points across the diameter of a pipe to identifythe extent of cross-sectional stratification.3.2.7 representative sample, nportion extracted f

42、rom atotal volume that contains the constituents in the same propor-tions that are present in that total volume.3.2.8 sample, nportion extracted from a total volume thatmay or may not contain the constituents in the same propor-tions as are present in that total volume.3.2.9 sample probe, ndevice ex

43、tending through the metertube or piping into the stream to be sampled.3.2.10 sampling, nall the steps required to obtain a samplethat is representative of the contents of any pipe, tank, or othervessel, based on established error and to place that sample intoa container from which a representative t

44、est specimen can betaken for analysis.3.2.11 sampling system, nsystem capable of extracting arepresentative sample from the fluid flowing in a pipe.3.2.11.1 Discussionsystem capable of extracting a repre-sentative sample from the fluid flowing in a pipe. (ISO 1998-6)3.2.12 sampling system verificati

45、on test, nprocedure toestablish that a sampling system is acceptable for custodytransfer.3.2.13 secondary sample container, nvessel that receivesan aliquot of the primary sample container for the purpose ofanalysis, transport, or retention.3.2.14 stationary sample container, nvessel that is physi-ca

46、lly fixed in place.3.2.15 stream conditions, nstate of a fluid stream in termsof distribution and dispersion of the components flowingwithin the pipeline.3.2.16 stream conditioning, nmixing of a flowing streamso that a representative sample may be extracted.3.2.17 time-proportional sample, nsample c

47、omposed ofequal volume grabs taken from a pipeline at uniform timeintervals during the entire transfer.4. Significance and Use4.1 Representative samples of petroleum and petroleumproducts are required for the determination of chemical andphysical properties, which are used to establish standardvolum

48、es, prices, and compliance with commercial terms andregulatory requirements. This practice does not cover samplingof electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. This practicedoes not address how to sample crude at temperatures belowthe freezing point of water.D4177 1613PART IGeneralThis part is

49、 applicable to all petroleum liquid samplingwhether it be crude oil or refined products. Review this sectionbefore designing or installing any automatic sampling system.5. Representative Sampling Components5.1 The potential for error exists in each step of thesampling process. The following describes how samplingsystem components or design will impact whether the sampleis representative. Properly address the following considerationsto ensure a representative sample is obtained from a flowingstream.5.1.1 LocationLocate the s