ASTM D4169-2005 Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems《运输集装箱和设备性能试验的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4169 05Standard Practice forPerformance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision

2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluat

3、ing, ina laboratory, the ability of shipping units to withstand thedistribution environment. This is accomplished by subjectingthem to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipatedhazard elements encountered in various distribution cycles.This practice is not intended to supplant material spec

4、ificationsor existing preshipment test procedures.1.2 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardousmaterials has not been determined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar

5、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Contai

6、ners, Components, and UnitLoadsD 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-tainers by Spray MethodD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingConta

7、inersD 4003 Methods of Programmable Horizontal Impact Testfor Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing ofShipping ContainersD 5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Contai

8、ners byFree FallD 5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizon-tal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterD 5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Con-tainers by Shock MachinesD 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6179 Test Met

9、hods for Rough Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of HighAltitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum MethodF 1327 Terminology Relating to Barrier Materials for Medi-cal Packaging2.2 Military Standards:3MIL-STD-2073-1 DOD Standard

10、Practice for MilitaryPackaging3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acceptance criteriathe acceptable quality level thatmust be met after the shipping uni

11、t has been subjected to thetest plan. See Section 7.3.2.2 assurance levelthe level of test intensity based onits probability of occurring in a typical distribution cycle.3.2.2.1 DiscussionLevel I is a high level of test intensityand has a low probability of occurrence. Level III is a low levelof tes

12、t intensity, but has a correspondingly high probability ofoccurrence. Level II is between these extremes. For Distribu-tion Cycle 18, DC-18 see MILSTD20731 for definitions ofmilitary levels of protection.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct res

13、ponsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems-Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 4169 04a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM

14、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA

15、19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 coeffcient of restitutionthe ratio of the reboundvelocity to the impact velocity.3.2.4 distribution cycle (DC)the sequential listing of thetest schedules e

16、mployed to simulate the hazard elementsexpected to occur for a specific routing of a shipping unit fromproduction to consumption. See Table 1.3.2.5 feeder aircraftsmall, potentially non-pressurizedaircraft used to transport express packages.3.2.6 hazard elementa specific event that occurs in adistri

17、bution cycle that may pose a hazard to a shipping unit.The element will usually be simulated by a single test schedule.See Section 9.3.2.7 shipping unitthe smallest complete unit that will besubjected to the distribution environment, for example, ashipping container and its contents.3.2.7.1 small sh

18、ipping unitfor DC-18, a small shippingunit is defined as one having no edge dimension or diameterover 60 in. (1.52 m) and a gross weight of 150 lb (68 kg) orless.3.2.7.2 large shipping unitfor DC-18, a large shippingunit is defined as one having at least one edge dimension ordiameter over 60 in. (1.

19、52 m) or a gross weight in excess of 150lb (68 kg), or it is one that has a gross weight exceeding 100 lb(45 kg) and is secured to a base or to the base of a shippingunit.3.2.8 test plana specific listing of the test sequence to befollowed to simulate the hazards anticipated during the distri-bution

20、 cycle of a shipping unit. Included will be the testintensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See8.5.3.2.9 test schedulethe specific procedure to be used,including the three assurance level intensities, and a referenceto the test method that is the basis of the schedule.3.2.9.1 Discu

21、ssionThe purpose of the schedule is tosimulate the forces occurring during any hazard element of thedistribution cycle. See Section 9.3.2.10 total velocity change, (DV)the sum of the impactand rebound velocities.3.3 Abbreviations:Abbreviations:3.3.1 TOFCtrailer on flatcar.3.3.2 COFCcontainer on flat

22、car.3.3.3 TLtruckload.3.3.4 CLcarload.3.3.5 LTLless than truckload.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evaluation ofshipping units in accordance with a uniform system, usingestablished test methods at levels representative of thoseoccurring in actual distribution. The r

23、ecommended test levelsare based on available information on the shipping andhandling environment, and current industry/government prac-tice and experience (1-13).4The tests should be performedsequentially on the same containers in the order given. For useas a performance test, this practice requires

24、 that the shippingunit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests arecompleted. If used for other purposes, such as packagedevelopment, it may be useful to open and inspect shippingunits at various times throughout the sequence. This may,however, prohibit evaluating the influence of the cont

25、ainerclosure on container performance.4.2 For Distribution Cycle 18, as referred to in MIL-STD20731, the use of this practice is defined in subsequentsections identified as DC-18.5. Test Specimen5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples ofcomplete shipping units, including actual contents

26、. Productswith blemishes or minor defects may be used if the defectivecomponent is not to be studied by the test and if the defect isdocumented in the report. Dummy test loads are acceptable iftesting the actual product might be hazardous. If a dummy loadis used, it should be instrumented to determi

27、ne if the fragilitylevel of the actual product has been exceeded. Take care toduplicate the load characteristics of the actual product, andavoid unnecessary prehandling.5.2 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation hasoccurred to either the product or the package if the testpackages have been

28、 shipped to the test site. If any doubt existsas to the condition of the package, repack the product in newpackaging material before testing.5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desiredobjectives of the testing and the availability of duplicateproducts and shipping containers. Replicat

29、e testing is recom-mended to improve the reliability of the test results.6. Conditioning6.1 If the distribution cycle contains climatic conditions thathave an effect on the performance characteristics of theproduct, shipping container, or components such as cushioning,use one of the following proced

30、ures. (It should be noted thatdifferent atmospheric conditions are likely to exist between theorigin and destination points of a distribution cycle, particu-larly for export/import cycles.):6.1.1 Conduct the test at standard conditions and compen-sate for the effects of any climatic condition. Condi

31、tion theshipping units to a standard atmosphere of 73.4 6 2F (23 61C) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity. Condition fiberboardcontainers in accordance with Practice D 4332. The sameatmospheric condition should be used for any assurance level.A conditioning period of 72 h, or sufficient time to reachequi

32、librium of all parts of the package and product is recom-mended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmo-sphere whenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests assoon after removal from the conditioning atmosphere aspracticable. Recondition the shipping units to the standardatmospher

33、e as necessary during the test plan.6.1.2 In some circumstances, it may be necessary to conductsome or all of the tests at special climatic conditions, such asthose given in Practice D 4332, or Test Method D 951,orothers (salt, spray, water immersion, humidity, or temperature).The same climatic cond

34、ition should be used for any assurancelevel. A conditioning period of 72 h, or sufficient time to reach4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis practice.D4169052TABLE 1 Distribution CyclesPerformance Test Schedule Sequence(see Section 9 for Test Schedule d

35、efinition)DC Distribution Cycle First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth1 General Cycleundefined distribution system Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule GRail SwitchingSchedule AHandling2 Specially defined distribution system, user specified (see Appendix X

36、2) select from Schedules A through I3 Single package environment, up to 100 lb (45.4 kg) Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStackingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule AHandling.4 Motor freight, single package over 100 lb (45.4 kg) Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStack

37、ingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule AHandling.5 Motor freight, TL, not unitized Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule AHandling. .6 Motor freight, TL, or LTLunitized Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule AHandling

38、Schedule BWarehouseStacking. .7 Rail only, bulk loaded Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule GRail SwitchingSchedule AHandling. .8 Rail only, unitized Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule GRail SwitchingSchedule AHandlingSchedule BWarehouseStacking.9 Rail and motor fre

39、ight, not unitized Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStackingSchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule GRail SwitchingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule AHandling10 Rail and motor freight, unitized Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule GRail SwitchingSchedule AHandlingSchedule BWarehouse

40、Stacking.11 Rail, TOFC and COFC Schedule AHandlingSchedule GRail SwitchingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule AHandling.12 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local), over 100 lb (45.4 kg), unitized Schedule AHandlingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule ILow PresureASchedule

41、 EVehicleVibrationSchedule AHandling.13 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local, single package up to 100 lb (45.4kg)Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStackingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule ILowPressureASchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule AHandling14 Warehousing (partial cycle to be added to

42、 other cycles as needed) Schedule AHandlingSchedule BWarehouseStacking. . . .15 Export/Import shipment for intermodal container or roll on/roll off trailer(partial cycle to be added to other cycles as needed)Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . .16 Export/Import shipment

43、for palletized cargo ship (partial cycle to beadded to other cycles as needed)Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . .17 Export/Import shipment for break bulk cargo ship (partial cycle to beadded to other cycles as needed)Schedule AHandlingSchedule CVehicleStackingSchedule

44、AHandling. . .18 Non-Commercial Government shipments per MIL-STD-2073-1Schedule AHandlingSchedule BorSchedule CBSchedule AHandlingSchedule HEnvironmentalHazardSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule AHandlingAThis high altitude, non-pressurized transport simulation test may be deleted from this distri

45、bution cycle when testing shipping units contain primary packages that havea porous material.BFor DC-18, perform the stacking test that results in the highest computed load value.D4169053equilibrium of all parts of the package and product is recom-mended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned

46、 atmo-sphere whenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests assoon after removal from the conditioning atmosphere aspracticable. Recondition the shipping units as necessary duringthe test plan. For atmospheres other than the Standard Condi-tioning Atmosphere, the user must determine the appro

47、priatecompressive load factor for warehouse and vehicle stacking, asthe factors given in 11.2 are based on testing under theStandard test atmosphere.7. Acceptance Criteria7.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product atreceipt.

48、The organizations conducting the test may choose anyacceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to thetest specimens with the damage that occurs during actualdistribution and handling or with test results of similar con-tain

49、ers whose shipping history is known.7.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria can be thefollowing:Criterion 1Product is damagefree.Criterion 2Package is intact.Criterion 3Both criteria 1 and 2.Often, this means that the shipping container and its contentsare suitable for normal sale and use at the completion of the testcycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for acceptingspecified damage to a product or its package. The form andcontent of acceptance criteria may vary widely, in accordancewith the particular situation. Methods may range from si