ASTM D4136-1982(2004) Standard Practice for Sampling Phytoplankton with Water-Sampling Bottles《用水样瓶采集可繁殖海洋浮游生物》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4136 82 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forSampling Phytoplankton with Water-Sampling Bottles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quan-titative samples of a phytoplankton community by use ofwater-

3、sampling bottles.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us

4、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4137 Practice for Preserving Phytoplankton Samples3. Summary of Practice3.1 A sampler is lowered to a specified depth and closed bya messenger. The sampler is retrieved and the sample isremoved. The phytoplankton are preserved as dictated by theobjectiv

5、es of the study.4. Significance and Use4.1 The advantages of water-sampling bottles are as fol-lows:4.1.1 Samples of known volume can be obtained from aprecise depth.4.1.2 A quantitative sample is obtained. Nanno- and ultra-plankton are not lost from the sampling device.4.1.3 A sampler of almost any

6、 desired volume or construc-tion material can be obtained.4.1.4 The sampler is light-weight and can be used withoutauxiliary equipment.4.1.5 There is a free flow of water through the cylinder ofthe sampler when it is being lowered.4.1.6 Samplers can be arranged serially to facilitate sam-pling at se

7、veral depths almost simultaneously.4.1.7 The sampler can be used in most depths of water.4.2 The disadvantages of water-sampling bottles are asfollows:4.2.1 Samples are obtained from only discrete depths; theycannot be obtained from horizontal or vertical strata of water.4.2.2 The samplers cannot be

8、 used satisfactorily in fast-flowing water.4.3 There are several special considerations that shall beobserved when using water-sampling bottles. They are asfollows:4.3.1 The samplers should be protected from damage, whichcommonly results in leakage.4.3.2 Following use, the samplers should be hung op

9、en in ahorizontal position to allow for thorough drying.4.3.3 The end stoppers should be inspected periodically forsigns of wear or deterioration and replaced as necessary (Fig.1a, b, c).5. Apparatus5.1 Most water-sampling bottles, (Fig. 1a, b, c, d), consist ofa cylindrical tube with stoppers at ea

10、ch end and a closingdevice activated by a messenger. The most commonly usedsamplers that operate on this principle are the Kemmerer, VanDorn, Nansen, and Fjarlie bottles. The Kemmerer and VanDorn bottles are similar in design and differ only in the designof the closure mechanism. The Nansen bottle i

11、s a reversingbottle in that when it is tripped, valves at each end close and thebottle rotates 180. The rotation releases a second messengerthat trips another sampler at a lower depth and so on. TheFjarlie bottle, designed for sampling from great depths, is alsoa series-type sampler and contains an

12、auxiliary assembly formounting reversing thermometers. Most water-samplingbottles are available in a variety of construction materials (forexample, brass, clear acrylic, and polyvinyl chloride). Theymay be TFE-fluorocarbon-lined. The volume of the samplersvaries from about 0.2 to over 30 L.1This pra

13、ctice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous editio

14、n approved in 1998 as D 4136 82 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Intern

15、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Procedure6.1 Lower the sampler in the open position to a desireddepth, trip, and retrieve. The enclosed volume of watercontains the trapped organisms. Preserve the plankton asdescribed in Practice D 4137.

16、ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are

17、 entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standar

18、dsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committ

19、ee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress

20、or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 1 Water-Sampling Bottles (a) Kemmerer (b) Van Dorn (c) Nansen (d) Fjarlie (Illustration by J. W. Steiner and W. G. Hester, U.S.Geological Survey, Doraville, GA)D 4136 82 (2004)2