ASTM D86-2011b Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure《大气压下石油产品蒸馏的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation:D8611a Designation: D86 11bStandard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1This1.1 This test method cove

3、rs the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unitto determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotivespark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1), aviation gaso

4、lines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels,biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burnerfuels.NOTE 1An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15

5、 different samples ofethanol-fuel blends containing 25 v%, 50 v%, and 75 v% ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are comparable orwithin the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75% ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can be

6、concluded that TestMethod D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 v%ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.21.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applic

7、able to products containing appreciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses areprovided for information only.1.5

8、WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing prod

9、ucts. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.6 This standar

10、d does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 All st

11、andards are subject to revision, and parties to agreement on this test method are to apply the most recent edition ofthe standards indicated below, unless otherwise specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules where earlierversions of the method(s) identified may be required.2.2

12、ASTM Standards:3D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice f

13、or Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

14、D02.08 onVolatility.In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123. It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2011. PublishedAugust 2011.February 2012. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approve

15、d in 2011 as D8611a. DOI:10.1520/D0086-11AB.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694.3For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An

16、nual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not

17、be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end

18、of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5798 Specification

19、for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Aut

20、omatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and LubricantsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection a

21、nd Verification of ThermometersE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated CylindersE1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 69 Determination of Vapour PressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of Distillation Characteristi

22、csIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 charge volume, nthe volume of the specimen, 100 mL, charged to the distillation flask at the temperature specified i

23、nTable 1.3.1.2decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis or cracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lower boilingpoints than the original molecule.3.1.33.1.2 decomposition point, nin distillation, the corrected temperature reading that coincides with the first indications oftherm

24、al decomposition of the specimen.3.1.43.1.3 dry point, nin distillation, the corrected temperature reading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from thelowest point in the flask.3.1.53.1.4 dynamic holdup, nin D86 distillation, the amount of material present in the neck of the flask, in

25、the sidearm of the flask,and in the condenser tube during the distillation.3.1.63.1.5 emergent stem effect, nthe offset in temperature reading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.3.1.6.13.1.5.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a por

26、tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is at a lowertemperature than the immersed portion, resulting in a shrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperature reading.3.1.73.1.6 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthe maximum corrected thermometer reading obtained du

27、ring the test.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.TABLE 1 3 Preparation of Apparatus and SpecimenGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Flask, mL 125 125 125 125ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)IP distillation

28、 thermometer range low low low highFlask support board B B C Cdiameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50Temperature at start of testFlask C 1318 1318 1318 not aboveF 5565 5565 5565 ambientFlask support and shield not above not above not aboveambient ambient ambientReceiving cylinder and sampleC 1318 1318 1318

29、A13ambientAF 5565 5565 5565A55ambientAASee 10.3.1.1 for exceptions.D86 11b23.1.7.13.1.6.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The term maximumtemperature is a frequently used synonym.3.1.83.1.7 front end loss, nloss due to evaporation durin

30、g transfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor loss duringthe distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask at the end of the distillation.3.1.9fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)3.1.8 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), nblend of ethanol and hydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 t

31、o 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D41753.1.103.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP), nin D86 distillation, the corrected temperature reading at the instant the first drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.113.1.10 percent evaporated, nin distillation, the sum of the perce

32、nt recovered and the percent loss.3.1.11.13.1.10.1 percent loss, n in distillation, one hundred minus the percent total recovery.3.1.11.23.1.10.2 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for barometric pressure. 3.1.123.1.11 percent recovered, nin distillation, the volume of condensate collected rela

33、tive to the charge volume.sample charge.3.1.12.13.1.11.1 percent recovery, nin distillation, maximum percent recovered relative to the charge volume.sample charge.3.1.12.23.1.11.2 corrected percent recovery, nthe percent recovery, adjusted for the difference between the observed loss andthe correcte

34、d loss, as described in Eq 8.3.1.12.3in distillation, the percent recovery, adjusted for the corrected percent loss.3.1.11.3 percent total recovery, nin distillation, the combined percent recovery and percent residue.3.1.133.1.12 percent residue, nin distillation, the volume of residue relative to t

35、he charge volume.sample charge.3.1.143.1.13 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in temperature reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as describedin 13.2.3.1.14 sample charge, nthe amount of sample used in a test.3.1.15 temperature lag, nthe offset between the temperature reading obtained b

36、y a temperature sensing device and the truetemperature at that time.3.1.16 temperature measurement device, na thermometer, as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in 6.3.2.3.1.16.1 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtained by a temperature measuring device or system that is

37、 equal to thethermometer reading described in 3.1.16.3.3.1.16.2 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperature reading, as described in 3.1.16.1, corrected for barometric pressure.3.1.16.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), nthe temperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck of t

38、heflask below the vapor tube, as determined by the prescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.16.4 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermometer reading, as described in 3.1.16.3, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressur

39、e, expected IBP or expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed in oneof four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser temperature, and other operational variables are defined by the group in whichthe sample falls.4.2 A 100-mL specimen of the sample is distilled under prescribed conditi

40、ons for the group in which the sample falls. Thedistillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillation unit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed to provideapproximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Systematic observations of temperature readings and volumes of condens

41、ate aremade, depending on the needs of the user of the data. The volume of the residue and the losses are also recorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vapor temperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and the dataare examined for conformance to procedural requireme

42、nts, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if any specified conditionhas not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evaporated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature, eitherin a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillation curve.5. Significance a

43、nd Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation hasbeen in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTMCommittee D02, dating from the time when

44、it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in usefor such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products andprocesses.5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have

45、 an important effect on their safety and performance,D86 11b3especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon

46、mixture to producepotentially explosive vapors.5.3The5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boili

47、ng pointcomponents in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those usedin paints.5.5 Distillation limits are often

48、included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are the distillation flask, the condense

49、r and associated cooling bath, a metalshield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heat source, the flask support, the temperature measuring device, and the receivingcylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1, automated units also are equipped with a system to measure andautomatically record the temperature and the associated recovered volume in the receiving cylinder.6.2 A detailed description of the app