ASTM D86-2011 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure.pdf

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1、Designation: D86 11Standard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distilla

3、tion ofpetroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit todetermine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics ofsuch products as light and middle distillates, automotivespark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (seeNote 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels,

4、 diesel fuels,biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleumspirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2burner fuels.NOTE 1An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples ofethanol-fue

5、l blends containing 25 v%, 50 v%, and 75 v% ethanol. Theresults indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are compa-rable or within the published repeatability of the method (with theexception of FBP of 75% ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can beconcluded that Test Method D86 is

6、 applicable to ethanol-fuel blends suchas Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends withgreater than 10 v% ethanol. See ASTM RR: RR:D02-1694 for supportingdata.21.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillatefuels; it is not applicable to products containing app

7、reciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automatedinstruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units areto be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare provided for information only.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designate

8、d by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-

9、terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all o

10、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision,

11、and parties toagreement on this test method are to apply the most recentedition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwisespecified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory ruleswhere earlier versions of the method(s) identified may berequired.2.2 ASTM Standards:3D97 Test Method for

12、Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum an

13、dPetroleum ProductsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5798 Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed

14、70-Ed85) forAutomotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility Measurement1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.In the IP

15、, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123.It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved May 15, 2011. Published July 2011. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D8610a. DOI:10.1520/D0086-11.2Support

16、ing data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refe

17、r to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Auto

18、matic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsE

19、1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-dersE1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass DistillationFlasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 69 Determination of Vapour P

20、ressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of DistillationCharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleumand Related Products 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 charge volume, nthe volume of th

21、e specimen, 100mL, charged to the distillation flask at the temperature speci-fied in Table 1.3.1.2 decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis orcracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.3.1.3 decomposition point, nin distillation, the

22、 correctedtemperature reading that coincides with the first indications ofthermal decomposition of the specimen.3.1.4 dry point, nin distillation, the corrected temperaturereading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from thelowest point in the flask.3.1.5 dynamic holdup, nin D86 distil

23、lation, the amount ofmaterial present in the neck of the flask, in the sidearm of theflask, and in the condenser tube during the distillation.3.1.6 emergent stem effect, nthe offset in temperaturereading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.

24、3.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a por-tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is ata lower temperature than the immersed portion, resulting in ashrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperaturereading.3.1.7 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthema

25、ximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during thetest.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evapora-tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The termmaximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.3.1.8 front end loss, nloss due to evaporation duringtransfer from receiving c

26、ylinder to distillation flask, vapor lossduring the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask atthe end of the distillation.3.1.9 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)blend of ethanol and hy-drocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 to 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D41753.1.10 initial bo

27、iling point (IBP), nthe corrected ther-mometer reading that is observed at the instant the first drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.11 percent evaporated, nin distillation, the sum of thepercent recovered and the percent loss.3.1.11.1 percent loss, nin distillation,

28、 one hundred minusthe percent total recovery.3.1.11.2 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for baro-metric pressure.3.1.12 percent recovered, nin distillation, the volume ofcondensate collected relative to the charge volume.3.1.12.1 percent recovery, nin distillation, maximum per-cent recovered r

29、elative to the charge volume.3.1.12.2 corrected percent recovery, nthe percent recov-ery, adjusted for the difference between the observed loss andthe corrected loss, as described in Eq 8.3.1.12.3 percent total recovery, nin distillation, the com-bined percent recovery and percent residue.3.1.13 per

30、cent residue, nin distillation, the volume ofresidue relative to the charge volume.3.1.14 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in tempera-ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as describedin 13.2.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.en

31、ergyinst.org.uk.TABLE 1 Preparation of Apparatus and SpecimenGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Flask, mL 125 125 125 125ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)IP distillation thermometer range low low low highFlask support board B B C Cdiameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50Temperature a

32、t start of testFlask C 1318 1318 1318 not aboveF 5565 5565 5565 ambientFlask support and shield not above not above not aboveambient ambient ambientReceiving cylinder and sampleC 1318 1318 1318A13ambientAF 5565 5565 5565A55ambientAASee 10.3.1.1 for exceptions.D861123.1.15 temperature lag, nthe offse

33、t between the tempera-ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and thetrue temperature at that time.3.1.16 temperature measurement device, na thermometer,as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in6.3.2.3.1.16.1 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtainedby a temp

34、erature measuring device or system that is equal tothe thermometer reading described in 3.1.16.3.3.1.16.2 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperaturereading, as described in 3.1.16.1, corrected for barometricpressure.3.1.16.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result),nthe temperature of the sa

35、turated vapor measured in the neckof the flask below the vapor tube, as determined by theprescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.16.4 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermom-eter reading, as described in 3.1.16.3, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1

36、Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBPor expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed inone of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser tem-perature, and other operational variables are defined by thegroup in which the sample falls.4.2 A 100-mL specimen of the sampl

37、e is distilled underprescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls.The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillationunit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed toprovide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys-tematic observations of tempe

38、rature readings and volumes ofcondensate are made, depending on the needs of the user of thedata. The volume of the residue and the losses are alsorecorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vaportemperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and thedata are examined for

39、conformance to procedural require-ments, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if anyspecified condition has not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evapo-rated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature,either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the

40、 distillationcurve.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling rangeof a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla-tion has been in use as long as the petroleum industry hasexisted. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic-tion of ASTM Com

41、mittee D02, dating from the time when itwas still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the testmethod has been in use for such an extended period, atremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimatingend-use sensitivity on products and processes.5.2 The distillation (volatility)

42、characteristics of hydrocar-bons have an important effect on their safety and performance,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling rangegives information on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is themajor determinant of the

43、 tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture toproduce potentially explosive vapors.5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically importantfor both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operatingtemperature or at high altitude, or both. The pre

44、sence of highboiling point components in these and other fuels can signifi-cantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustiondeposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an impor-tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularlythose used in paints.5.5 Distillati

45、on limits are often included in petroleum prod-uct specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatoryrules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are thedistillation

46、flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, ametal shield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heatsource, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,and the receiving cylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In add

47、ition to the basic components described in 6.1.1,automated units also are equipped with a system to measureand automatically record the temperature and the associatedrecovered volume in the receiving cylinder.6.2 Adetailed description of the apparatus is given inAnnexA2.6.3 Temperature Measuring Dev

48、ice:FIG. 1 Apparatus Assembly Using Gas BurnerD861131Condenser bath 11Distillation flask2Bath cover 12Temperature sensor3Bath temperature sensor 13Flask support board4Bath overflow 14Flask support platform5Bath drain 15Ground connection6Condenser tube 16Electric heater7Shield 17Knob for adjusting le

49、vel8Viewing window of support platform9aVoltage regulator 18Power source cord9bVoltmeter or ammeter 19Receiver cylinder9cPower switch 20Receiver cooling bath9dPower light indicator 21Receiver cover10VentFIG. 2 Apparatus Assembly Using Electric HeaterD861146.3.1 Mercury-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filledwith an inert gas, graduated on the stem and enamel backed.They shall conform to Specification E1 or IPStandard Methodsfor Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products1996Appendix A,