ASTM D86-2007a Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure《大气压力下石油产品的蒸馏物用标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 86 07aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test metho

3、d covers the atmospheric distillation ofpetroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit todetermine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics ofsuch products as light and middle distillates, automotivespark-ignition engine fuels, aviation gasolines, aviation turbinefuels, 1-D an

4、d 2-D regular and low sulfur diesel fuels, specialpetroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, andGrades 1 and 2 burner fuels.1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillatefuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This

5、 test method covers both manual and automatedinstruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units areto be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare provided for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, asso

6、ciated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties toagreement on this te

7、st method are to apply the most recentedition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwisespecified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory ruleswhere earlier versions of the method(s) identified may berequired.2.2 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD

8、323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D 2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum(15-Theoretical Plate Column)D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4

9、953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolat

10、ility MeasurementD 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass

11、 ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE 1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cyl-indersE 1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass DistillationFlasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:3IP 69 Determination of Vapour PressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum Pro

12、ductsDetermination of DistillationCharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleumand Related Products 1996Appendix A1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and

13、is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08.0A on Distillation.In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123.It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1921

14、. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 8607.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available

15、 from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Defin

16、itions:3.1.1 charge volume, nthe volume of the specimen, 100mL, charged to the distillation flask at the temperature speci-fied in Table 1.3.1.2 decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis orcracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.3.1

17、.2.1 DiscussionCharacteristic indications of thermaldecomposition are evolution of fumes and erratic temperaturereadings that usually decrease after any attempt is made toadjust the heat.3.1.3 decomposition point, nthe corrected thermometerreading that coincides with the first indications of thermal

18、decomposition of the liquid in the flask.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe decomposition point, as deter-mined under the conditions of this test method, does notnecessarily correspond to the decomposition temperature inother applications.3.1.4 dry point, nthe corrected thermometer reading thatis observed at the

19、 instant the last drop of liquid (exclusive ofany drops or film of liquid on the side of the flask or on thetemperature sensor), evaporates from the lowest point in thedistillation flask.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe end point (final boiling point),rather than the dry point, is intended for general use. The

20、 drypoint can be reported in connection with special purposenaphthas, such as those used in the paint industry. Also, it issubstituted for the end point (final boiling point) whenever thesample is of such a nature that the precision of the end point(final boiling point) cannot consistently meet the

21、requirementsgiven in the precision section.3.1.5 dynamic holdup, nthe amount of material present inthe neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the flask, and in thecondenser tube during the distillation.3.1.6 emergent stem effect, nthe offset in temperaturereading caused by the use of total immersion m

22、ercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.3.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a por-tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is ata lower temperature than the immersed portion, resulting in ashrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperaturereading

23、.3.1.7 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthemaximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during thetest.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evapora-tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The termmaximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.3.1.8 front end loss

24、, nloss due to evaporation duringtransfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor lossduring the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask atthe end of the distillation.3.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP), nthe corrected thermom-eter reading that is observed at the instant the firs

25、t drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.10 percent evaporated, nthe sum of the percent re-covered and the percent loss.3.1.11 percent loss (or observed loss), none hundredminus the percent total recovery.3.1.11.1 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for baro-metric

26、pressure.3.1.12 percent recovered, nthe volume of condensateobserved in the receiving cylinder, expressed as a percentage ofthe charge volume, associated with a simultaneous temperaturereading.3.1.13 percent recovery, nthe maximum percent recov-ered, as observed in accordance with 10.18.3.1.13.1 cor

27、rected percent recovery, nthe percent recov-ery, adjusted for the difference between the observed loss andthe corrected loss, as described in Eq 8.3.1.13.2 percent total recovery, nthe combined percentrecovery and residue in the flask, as determined in accordancewith 11.1.3.1.14 percent residue, nth

28、e volume of residue in theflask, measured in accordance with 10.19, and expressed as apercentage of the charge volume.3.1.15 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in tempera-ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as describedin 13.2.3.1.16 temperature lag, nthe offset between the tempera

29、-ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and thetrue temperature at that time.3.1.17 temperature measurement device, na thermometer,as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in6.3.2.TABLE 1 Preparation of ApparatusGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Flask, mL 125 125 125

30、125ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)IP distillation thermometer range low low low highFlask support board B B C Cdiameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50Temperature at start of testFlask C 1318 1318 1318 not aboveF 5565 5565 5565 ambientFlask support and shield not above not abov

31、e not aboveambient ambient ambientReceiving cylinder and 100 mLchargeC 1318 1318 1318A13ambientAF 5565 5565 5565A55ambientAASee 10.3.1.1 for exceptions.D8607a23.1.18 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtained bya temperature measuring device or system that is equal to thethermometer reading desc

32、ribed in 3.1.19.3.1.18.1 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperaturereading, as described in 3.1.18, corrected for barometricpressure.3.1.19 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), nthetemperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck of theflask below the vapor tube, as determined by

33、 the prescribedthermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.19.1 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermom-eter reading, as described in 3.1.19, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBPor expected EP, or combination th

34、ereof, the sample is placed inone of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser tem-perature, and other operational variables are defined by thegroup in which the sample falls.4.2 A 100-mL specimen of the sample is distilled underprescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls.The d

35、istillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillationunit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed toprovide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys-tematic observations of temperature readings and volumes ofcondensate are made, depending on the needs of the user o

36、f thedata. The volume of the residue and the losses are alsorecorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vaportemperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and thedata are examined for conformance to procedural require-ments, such as distillation rates. The test is repeat

37、ed if anyspecified condition has not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evapo-rated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature,either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillationcurve.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the

38、boiling rangeof a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla-tion has been in use as long as the petroleum industry hasexisted. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic-tion of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when itwas still referred to as the Engler distillatio

39、n. Since the testmethod has been in use for such an extended period, atremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimatingend-use sensitivity on products and processes.5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocar-bons have an important effect on their safety and performan

40、ce,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling rangegives information on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is themajor determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture toproduce potentially explosive vapors.5.3 The disti

41、llation characteristics are critically importantfor both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operatingtemperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of highboiling point components in these and other fuels can signifi-cantly affec

42、t the degree of formation of solid combustiondeposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an impor-tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularlythose used in paints.5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum prod-uct specifications, in commercial contra

43、ct agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatoryrules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are thedistillation flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, ametal shield or enclosure for the di

44、stillation flask, the heatsource, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,and the receiving cylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1,automated units also are equipped with

45、 a system to measureand automatically record the temperature and the associatedrecovered volume in the receiving cylinder.6.2 Adetailed description of the apparatus is given inAnnexA2.6.3 Temperature Measuring Device:6.3.1 Mercury-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filledwith an inert gas, gra

46、duated on the stem and enamel backed.They shall conform to Specification E1 or IP StandardMethods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and RelatedProducts 1996AppendixA, or both, for thermometersASTMFIG. 1 Apparatus Assembly Using Gas BurnerD8607a31Condenser bath 11Distillation flask2Bath cover 12T

47、emperature sensor3Bath temperature sensor 13Flask support board4Bath overflow 14Flask support platform5Bath drain 15Ground connection6Condenser tube 16Electric heater7Shield 17Knob for adjusting level8Viewing window of support platform9aVoltage regulator 18Power source cord9bVoltmeter or ammeter 19R

48、eceiver cylinder9cPower switch 20Receiver cooling bath9dPower light indicator 21Receiver cover10VentFIG. 2 Apparatus Assembly Using Electric HeaterD8607a47C/IP 5C and ASTM 7F for the low range thermometers, andASTM 8C/IP 6C and ASTM 8F for the high range thermom-eters.6.3.1.1 Thermometers that have

49、been exposed for an ex-tended period above an observed temperature of 370C shallnot be reused without a verification of the ice point or checkedas prescribed in Specification E1and Test Method E77.NOTE 1At an observed thermometer reading of 370C, the tempera-ture of the bulb is approaching a critical range in the glass and thethermometer may lose its calibration.6.3.2 Temperature measurement systems other than thosedescribed in 6.3.1 are satisfactory for this test method, pro-vided that they exhibit the sa