ASTM D1292-2005 Standard Test Method for Odor in Water《水中气味的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 1292 05Standard Test Method forOdor in Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th

2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers the determination of the odor(that is, the property that affects the sense of smell) of water.Asuggested system for classifying odors is given a

3、s Annex A1.The test method is applicable to the determination of odorintensity in terms of odor intensity index or threshold odornumber.1.2 Effluents may carry a myriad of compounds, difficult tomeasure individually, which contribute to odor problems.Combinations of compounds can cause an odor inten

4、sity ordevelop a characteristic that cannot be anticipated from odorsof the individual substances.1.3 Because of the variation in human sensitivity, highprecision in determining odor intensity is not possible. Therewill not always be agreement on odor characteristics by varioustesters. Odor analysis

5、 provides the tool to measure variation inodor intensity at a given sampling point. The degree ofvariation may indicate the magnitude or importance of an odorproblem. Determining the cause of the variation or the sourceof the objectionable characteristic may define the odor problembetter than analys

6、is for individual compounds.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations

7、prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Note 1 under 10.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1066 Practice for Sampling SteamD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Methods of Co

8、mmittee D19 on WaterD 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terms odor-intensity index and odor thresholdnumber in this test method are defined in accordance withTerminology D 1129 as follows:3.1.2 odor-intensity indexthe number of times the co

9、ncen-tration of the original sample is halved by addition of odor-freewater to obtain the least definitely perceptible odor.3.1.3 odor threshold numberthe greatest dilution of thesample with odor-free water to yield the least definitelyperceptible odor.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in th

10、is test method,refer to Terminology D 1129.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of water is diluted with odor-free water untila dilution is obtained that has the least definitely perceptibleodor. The test is made by two or more testers. One makesdilutions and the others determine odor intensity. Sa

11、mples aretested in generally increasing concentration of odorant, al-though not in consecutive sequence of dilutions, until the odoris perceived. The persons making the test select the odoroussample from among three flasks, two of which contain odor-free water. Odor is measured without regard to the

12、 presence ofsuspended matter or immiscible substances in the sample.Cognizance is taken of the fact that there is no absolute odorvalue and that the test is to be used for comparison only. Thetest is carried out at 40C.5. Significance and Use5.1 The odor of water is a subjective property which isrec

13、ognized as having a significant effect on its quality. This testis intended to provide a reproducible test method for determin-ing the intensity of odor in waters for comparative or controlpurposes.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibi

14、lity of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituentsin Water.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 1292 86 (1999).2This test method is based on a procedure proposed by the Dow Chemical Co.in a private

15、communication.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 The test may be useful in checking the quality of raw ortreated waters, determining the effectiveness of treatmentprocedures, or in tracing sources of contamination or leaks inindustrial processes.5.3 The results of the test are

17、 very dependent upon theobservers, since the sensitivity of individuals to odor is highlyvariable and changes from day to day. Careful standardizationof the conditions is essential.6. Interferences and Precautions6.1 The area used for the test shall be free of interferingodors.4An ideal laboratory h

18、as a separate room equipped withactivated-carbon filtered inlet air of controlled, constant tem-perature and humidity. A relative humidity of 50 % is recom-mended wherever control is feasible. Cleanliness is an absolutenecessity.All equipment used in the test shall be clean and freeof odor and shall

19、 be restricted to use for odor determination.Anodorless detergent shall be used to cleanse the hands and facesof the persons participating in the test from tobacco, shavingpreparation, cosmetic, and other odors.Testers shall not smoke,chew tobacco or gum, or eat food of pronounced taste or odorfor a

20、t least 30 min prior to the determination.6.2 The physical condition of the participants is important.The odor tester shall be free from any conditions affecting theolfactory system. Prolonged use of the sense of smell causesolfactory fatigue. Repeated smelling of the same odor has thesame effect. T

21、herefore, for prolonged testing, frequent restperiods, preferably in fresh, odor-free air, are necessary forrecuperation. Under ordinary circumstances no operator shallcarry out odor tests for longer than 15 min without rest in orderto avoid olfactory fatigue. This is an average time. Strongerodoran

22、ts may dull olfactory response within a few minuteswhile waters of good quality may be tested over longer timeintervals. If personnel is limited, the testers may check theirobservations after allowing sufficient time to relax the olfactorysystem.6.3 Not all persons are capable of carrying out this t

23、est. Thetesters should be thoroughly screened to obtain the bestpossible precision, especially for research purposes. However,if due care is exercised, most persons qualify for routine work.At least two testers are necessary, but more are preferred: oneto make the preliminary screening and prepare t

24、he dilutionsand the other or others to make the actual odor determination.The testers making the determination shall not know thedilutions; in no case shall they make the dilutions. Dilutionsshall be tested by presenting samples ranging from lower tohigher concentrations but they must not be present

25、ed insequence. Insertion of a set of blanks or lower concentrationsinto the series is recommended. This lessens the chance ofmemorizing odors or guessing.6.4 Color is often imparted by various contaminants inwastewater. This color is often evident below perceptible odorlevels. A colored lighting sys

26、tem may be used to eliminatecolor bias in selection of the odor-containing flask by thetesters. Photographic safelights with interchangeable filters areuseful for this purpose.6.5 Turbidity in some wastewaters may be evident belowperceptible odor levels. The colored lighting system describedin 6.4 m

27、ay not eliminate this bias. In such instances, externalmasking of the flasks may be necessary. Painting the flasks tomake them opaque is a means of masking turbidity.6.6 For maximum control, the odor laboratory5should bedivided into two areas separating the sample preparation andthe odor detection a

28、ctivities. This allows isolation of thedilution operator from the odor tester and permits greatercontrol of background odor in the odor measuring area.7. Apparatus7.1 Constant-Temperature Bath, capable of maintaining atemperature of 40 6 1C.7.2 Sample Bottles, Glass-StopperedBiochemical oxygendemand

29、 (BOD) bottles are satisfactory for this purpose.7.3 Flasks, 500-mL, wide-mouth Erlenmeyer, glass-stoppered or covered by watch glasses.8. Reagents8.1 Activated Carbon, water purification grade. Carbonshould be renewed after treating approximately 20 L of water,or more often as necessary.8.2 Water,

30、Odor-Free Prepare odor-free water by passingreagent water conforming to Specification D 1193, Type II,through a glass column 0.9 m (3 ft) long and 51 mm (2 in.) indiameter, packed with granular activated carbon, at a flow rateof less than 11 L/h. The water used to prepare odorfree dilutionwater shal

31、l have a total dissolved solids content not exceedingthat of the sample being tested. Use glass connections andtubing in making the system. The column ends may be packedwith glass wool to support the carbon. Test the column effluentat 40C. This is necessary since the quantities and nature ofimpuriti

32、es in the water will affect useful carbon life. It has beenfound that columns used infrequently may develop a biologicalgrowth which imparts odor. To check the condition of thecolumn after an idle period (such as a weekend) a simple testis recommended. Fill a short glass tube with fresh carbon andfi

33、lter water through it. The reagent water so prepared should bechecked against the column effluent to be sure a subtle odor isnot present. Odor-free water should not be stored but should beprepared on the day the test is made. In order to save timeduring analyses, maintain the supply of odor-free wat

34、er at 40 61C.9. Sampling9.1 Collect the sample in accordance with the applicablepractice, Practice D 1066 and Practices D 3370.9.2 Determine odor on separate, freshly-obtained samples.Sampling is very important. Glass-stoppered bottles shall beused and shall be completely filled. Although larger vol

35、umesmay be necessary in some cases, the standard BOD bottles are4Baker, Robert A., “Critical Evaluation of Olfactory Measurement,” Journal ofthe Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol 34, No. 6, June 1962, pp. 582591.5Baker, R. A., “Odor Testing Laboratory,” Journal of the Water PollutionControl Fe

36、deration, Vol 35, No. 11, November 1963, pp. 13961402.D 1292 052ideal for this use. If the sample is at a temperature greater than40C, cool it before testing for odor.9.3 Storage of water may lead to errors through modifica-tion of odor intensity and character. Biological, chemical, andphysical reac

37、tions are factors in this degradation. If the analysiscannot be made promptly, refrigerate the sample during stor-age.Although this will not guarantee that odor changes will nottake place, it minimizes the effect in most cases. Store thesample in a glass-stoppered bottle to minimize contaminationwit

38、h refrigerator odors. Precooling the sample in an ice bathand in an odor-free atmosphere before refrigeration is advised.9.4 Record the sample temperature at the time of collection.This frequently is useful when relating laboratory results tofield conditions.10. Preliminary Test10.1 Preparation of a

39、 test series can be greatly simplified ifan approximation of odor intensity is first made as follows:thoroughly scrub all glassware with a brush and odorlessdetergent. Rinse with tap water and clean with chromic acidsolution. Rinse with reagent water, rinse with odor-free water,and store filled with

40、 odor-free water. Check all flasks to makesure no residual odor exists by testing with 200 mLof odor-freewater at 40C. (WarningChromic acid is toxic and is a verypowerful oxidizing agent. Extreme caution should be exercisedin its use.)10.2 To determine the estimated order of magnitude of theodor int

41、ensity, the dilution tester shall pipet 25 mL of sampleinto a clean, glass-stoppered (or watch-glass covered) 500-mLconical flask. Dilute this to a total volume of 200 mLby adding175 mLof odor-free water at 40C. For this preliminary test thedilution water may be added from a graduated cylinder. Do n

42、otallow the pipet or the sample solution to touch the neck of theflask. Stopper and warm the flask to 40C in a water bath.Avoid prolonged or direct heating.10.3 Mix by vigorously swirling three or four times, removethe stopper, and place the nose at the top of the flask. Test forodor, using normal i

43、nhalation. Compare with a flask containingodor-free water. Note whether odor is detected. If odor is notdetected, prepare lower dilutions successively in clean flasksuntil the odor is just perceptible. It usually is convenient tomake a series of dilutions at the beginning. Odor testinghowever must b

44、e from the highest dilution toward lowerdilutions.10.4 If the odor is detected in the initial dilution, dilute atleast 12.5 mL of original sample to a measured volume andrecord this primary dilution. Make subsequent lower dilutionsand record the aliquot at which odor is just perceptible.Calculate th

45、e estimated order of magnitude of the odorintensity in accordance with Section 12.11. Procedure11.1 The choice of dilutions for odor measurement dependson the order of magnitude of odor intensity determined inaccordance with Section 10. The tester who determined theodor intensity in the preliminary

46、test shall now assume the roleof making the dilutions for the other tester or testers, but shalldo no testing himself. Primary dilutions shall contain at least12.5 mL of sample. If greater dilutions are necessary, addodor-free water to the primary dilution. Use such subsequentdilutions in the evalua

47、tion.11.2 The dilution tester shall code three clean, odor-freeflasks for the test, adding approximately half the estimatedquantity of sample (preliminary test) to one of the flasks. Dilutethe contents of each flask to a total volume of 200 mL withodor-free water. Stopper each flask and adjust the t

48、emperatureto 40C in a water bath. Vigorously swirl the stoppered flasksand present them to the odor tester. In presenting the flasks tothe tester the position of the odor-containing flasks in the arrayshall be randomized. The odor tester shall swirl a flaskvigorously exercising care to avoid spillin

49、g the contents. Theflasks shall be held by the flat bottom with a finger on the coveror stopper during swirling. This minimizes imparting an odornear the opening of the flask prior to testing. Swirling distrib-utes the odorous substance uniformly in the vapor space. Thetester shall remove the stopper or watch glass cover, place hisnose at the top of the flask and test for odor using normalinhalation. If the odor tester fails to detect an odor, the dilutiontester then shall decrease the dilution (increase the concentra-tion) until a dilution is found at which the odor