ASTM D1074-2017 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Asphalt Mixtures《沥青混合料抗压强度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1074 17Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Asphalt Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a method for measuring thecompressive strength of compacted asphalt mixtures. It is foruse with specimens weighed, bat

3、ched, mixed, and fabricated inthe laboratory, as well as for mixtures manufactured in ahot-mix plant.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not cons

4、idered standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety conce

5、rns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally r

6、ecognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136 Test Method

7、for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD979 Prac

8、tice for Sampling Bituminous Paving MixturesD1075 Test Method for Effect of Water on CompressiveStrength of Compacted Bituminous MixturesD2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum SpecificGravity and Density of Bituminous Paving MixturesD2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Ab

9、sorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in CompactedDense and Open Bituminous Paving MixturesD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ance

10、s and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2 Federal Specification:Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads

11、 andBridges on Federal Highway Projects33. Significance and Use3.1 The compressive strength of specimens prepared andtested by this test method along with density and voidsproperties are used for laboratory mix design of asphaltmixtures. One approach is described in ASTM STP 252.43.1.1 This test met

12、hod also describes the methods formolding, curing, and testing of specimens being evaluated byTest Method D1075.3.1.2 When used in conjunction with other mixture physicalproperties, the compressive strength may contribute to theoverall mixture characterization and is one factor determiningits suitab

13、ility for use under given loading conditions andenvironment as a highway paving material.3.2 Typical values of minimum compressive strengths fordesign of asphalt mixtures by this test method for different1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials an

14、d is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.22 onEffect of Water and Other Elements on Asphalt Coated Aggregates.Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1074 09. DOI:10.1520/D1074-17.2For referenced A

15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3“Asphaltic Concrete Mix Requirements,” Standard Specifications for Construc-t

16、ion of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, Federal HighwayAdministration, Washington, DC, 1996, p. 233.4Goode, J. F., “Use of the Immersion-Compression Test in Evaluating andDesigning Paving Mixtures,” Bituminous Paving Materials, STP 252, ASTMInternational, West Conshohocken, PA, 1959, p

17、p. 113129.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopmen

18、t of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1traffic densities are given in Table 401-1 of the StandardSpecifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges onFederal Highway Projects.3Some state departmen

19、ts of trans-portation and federal agencies have specific requirements oftheir own based on their experience with this test method. Theagencies should be consulted for their specific requirements ifwork is to meet their standards.3.3 Reheated mixtures are permissible in this test method,but the resul

20、ting compressive strengths will be higher than fornewly prepared mixtures due to the change in the binderviscosity, an element of the compressive strength as measuredunder these loading conditions and temperature.5NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this standard aredependent on the compete

21、nce of the personnel performing the procedureand the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned

22、 that compliance withSpecification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions ofSpecification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides ameans of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.4. Apparatus4.1

23、 Molds and PlungersThe molds and plungers shall bein accordance with the following:4.1.1 Diameter TolerancesThe mold shall have sufficientheight to allow fabrication ofa4by4in.(101.6 by 101.6 mm)specimen. It shall have an inside diameter of 4.000 to 4.005 in.(101.60 to 101.73 mm) and a nominal thick

24、ness of14 in.(6.4 mm).4.1.2 The plungers shall pass through the mold freely andshall have a diameter within 0.050 in. (1.27 mm) of the moldinside diameter. The plungers may be solid, hollow, or otherstructure so long as the ends are at least 0.50 in. (12.7 mm)thick and are at a right angle to the mo

25、ld wall. The bottomplunger shall be 2 618 in. (50 6 4 mm) high but the topplunger may be any suitable height.4.1.3 Specimens Other Than 4 by 4 in. (101.6 by101.6 mm)Molds and plungers for fabricating these sizespecimens are allowed in accordance with Section 6.4.2 SupportsTemporary supports for spec

26、imen moldsshall consist of two steel bars, 1 618 in. (25.4 6 3.1 mm)square and a minimum length of 3 in. (76.2 mm).4.3 Testing MachineThe testing machine must be of anytype of sufficient capacity that will provide a range of accu-rately controllable rates of vertical deformation. Since the rateof ve

27、rtical deformation for the compression test is specified as0.05 in./minin. (0.05 mm/minmm) of specimen height, and itmay be necessary to test specimens ranging in size from 2 by2 in. (50.8 by 50.8 mm) to perhaps 8 by 8 in. (203.2 by203.2 mm) in order to maintain the specified minimum ratio ofspecime

28、n diameter to particle size, the testing machine shouldhave a range of controlled speeds covering at least 0.1 in.(2.5 mm) min for 2-in. (50.8-mm) specimens to 0.4 in.(10.2 mm) min for 8-in. (203.2-mm) specimens. The testingmachine shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.The testing machin

29、e shall be equipped with two steel bearingblocks with hardened faces, one of which is spherically seatedand the other plain. The spherically seated block shall bemounted to bear on the upper surface of the test specimen andthe plain block shall rest on the platen of the testing machineto form a seat

30、 for the specimen. The bearing faces of the platesshall have a diameter slightly greater than that of the largestspecimens to be tested. The bearing faces, when new, shall notdepart from a true plane by more than 0.0005 in. (0.0127 mm)at any point and shall be maintained within a permissiblevariatio

31、n limit of 0.001 in. (0.025 mm). In the sphericallyseated block, the center of the sphere shall coincide with thecenter of the bearing face. The movable portion of this blockshall be held closely in the spherical seat, but the design shallbe such that the bearing face can be rotated freely and tilte

32、dthrough small angles in any direction.4.4 OvenThe oven used in the preparation of materials orreheating of mixtures shall be controllable within 65F(63 C) of any specified temperature above ambient up to392 F (200 C).4.5 Hot PlateA small hot plate equipped with a rheostatshall be provided for suppl

33、ying sufficient heat under the mixingbowl to maintain the aggregate and asphalt material at thedesired temperature during mixing.4.6 Hot Water Bath or OvenA water bath or oven suffi-ciently large to hold three sets of 4-in. (101.6-mm) molds andplungers. If the water bath does not have an internal te

34、mpera-ture control, a hot plate of sufficient capacity with a control tomaintain the water bath at a temperature just under the boilingpoint will be required. The oven shall be capable of maintain-ing a temperature of between 200 to 275 F (93.3 to 135 C).4.7 Air BathThe air bath shall be capable of

35、either manualor automatic control for storing the specimens at 77 6 1.8 F(25 6 0.5 C) immediately prior to making the compressiontest.4.8 BalanceBalances or scales and weights meeting therequirements of Guide D4753 shall be provided as appropriatefor the sample or ingredient mass.4.9 Mixing MachineM

36、echanical mixing is preferable overhand mixing. Any type of mixer may be used, provided it canbe maintained at the required mixing temperature and willproduce a well-coated, homogeneous mixture of the requiredsize in two minutes or less, and further provided that it is ofsuch design that fouling of

37、the blades will be minimized andeach individual batch can be retrieved in essentially its entiretyincluding asphalt and fines. Hand mixing is allowable, ifnecessary, but for hot mixtures the time required to obtainsatisfactory coating is often excessive and generally the testresults are less uniform

38、 than when machine mixing is em-ployed.4.10 SpatulasA flexible spatula for scraping the mixingbowl and a stiff spatula for spading the specimen in the mold.5Welborn, J. Y., Halstead, W. J., and Olsen, R. E., “Relation of AbsoluteViscosity of Asphalt Binders to Stability of Asphalt Mixtures,” Public

39、Roads,Volume 32, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1963. (Also Sym-posium on Fundamental Viscosity of Bituminous Materials, ASTM STP 328.)D1074 1724.11 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters of suitable range with a readability of 1 F (0.5 C)conforming to the requirements

40、 of Specification E2251 shall beused. (Thermometer ASTM No. S63F-03 or S63C-03, orequivalent.) Alternately, another electronic thermometer maybe used, for example resistance thermometer (RTD, PRT,IPRT) of equal or better accuracy.5. Preparation of Test Mixtures5.1 Limit the size of the individual ba

41、tches to the amountrequired for one test specimen.5.2 Mix an initial batch for the purpose of “buttering” themixing bowl and stirrers. Empty this batch after mixing andclean the sides of the bowl and stirrers of mixture residue byscraping with a small limber spatula. Do not wipe with cloth orwash cl

42、ean with solvent, except when a change is to be madein the binder or at the end of a run.5.3 Mold a trial specimen in order to determine the correctweight of materials to produce a specimen of the desiredheight. Use the initial or “buttering” batch for this purpose, ifdesired.5.4 Aggregate ingredien

43、t samples shall be obtained in ac-cordance with Practice D75 and reduced to the appropriate sizeby Practice C702. When preparing aggregates for batching,each reduced ingredient sample shall be separated into thedesired size fractions in accordance with Test Method C136.Agency practice will specify w

44、hich of the following sievesshould be used to derive the desired fractions: 2 in., 112 in.,1 in.,34 in.,12 in.,38 in., No. 4, No. 8, and No. 10 (50.0 mm,37.5 mm, 25.0 mm, 19.0 mm, 12.5 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm,2.36 mm, and 2.00 mm). The mixture design, job mix formula,or other control shall be used to co

45、mbine the appropriate massof each size from each ingredient aggregate to obtain theappropriate gradation and batch mass, and to determine theappropriate mass of bitumen to use for each specimen. Arepresentative sample of bitumen shall be obtained in accor-dance with Practice D140 from a representati

46、ve stock ofmaterial. The temperature versus kinematic viscosity relation-ship for the bitumen involved dictates the temperature to beused for preparing the asphalt concrete test specimens. Theuser should refer to the asphalt binder manufacturer to establishappropriate mixing and compaction temperatu

47、re ranges. Ag-gregate is heated no hotter than 50 F (28 C) above the mixingtemperature to allow for dry mixing prior to adding the asphaltcement.NOTE 2In no case should the mixing temperature exceed 347 F(175 C).5.5 Preheat the bowl and batch of aggregate in an ovenmeeting the requirements of 4.4 to

48、 a temperature that complieswith the aggregate temperature in 5.4. This will result in anacceptable temperature after dry mixing. With the bowl ofaggregate resting on a balance, quickly pour the prescribedmass of hot asphalt cement onto the hot aggregate andimmediately mix the asphalt cement into th

49、e aggregate withminimal “fanning action.” This can be done with a large spoonby rolling the material from perimeter toward the center tomaximize aggregate and asphalt contact and minimize asphaltcontact with the bowl. The mixing shall be completed within90 to 120 s, during which time the temperature should havedropped to about 5 to 9 F (3 to 5 C) above the compactingtemperature. If the counter top is metal, an insulator such aspaper may be used to reduce the rate of cooling. If the materialhas cooled too fast, a hot plate, oven, or similar