[外语类试卷]2013年湖北省考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

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1、2013年湖北省考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 The new documentary Bully is powerful stuff. Try to get through even just the opening sequence without tearing up. Hopefully it will wake up parents, teachers, and school administrators. But lets also hope they respond thoughtfully to this burning fi

2、lm, because too often in our rush to address a problem, American educators and politicians have a well-intentioned overreaction that minimizes common sense in favor of blanket solutions. Many schools in the United States are genuinely trying to curb child-on-child abuse and, at long last, are paying

3、 more attention to the cruel, unpleasant remarks. But at the same time, we have to remember that not every unpleasant, or even adverse, interaction between students constitutes bullying. In some places, anti-bullying policies are now so expansive that they make eye-rolling a punishable offense, lump

4、ing it in with other forms of verbal and physical assault. Doing so not only takes a serious issue to the realm of the absurd, it also dilutes the importance of anti-bullying efforts in general. If everything is bullying, then nothing is. Some kids have already figured out how to turn the new system

5、 on its head. In some schools zeal to address bullying, every claim is immediately elevated beyond the classroom teacher to a meeting with the principal. A parent in California said that last month that an elementary-school bully began threatening to report her victims as bullies so they would have

6、to suffer through such a meeting and in effect creating a bullying hall of mirrors. Weve been here before. Weapons and drugs in schools are a serious problem, too. In response, school districts, states, and the federal government began to favor zero-tolerance policies. In short order, “zero-toleranc

7、e“ policies became the joking point for late-night comics as kids were suspended for bringing to school aspirin, acne medicine, or a G. I. Joe doll with a small plastic gun. The obvious lesson there and with bullying is that there is no substitute for discretion and judgment by the adults in charge.

8、 In some circumstances, eye-rolling could be abusive behavior just as aspirin can be used or abused. But adults shouldnt give up the hard role of making nuanced judgment calls by creating ridiculously rigid discipline codes. Replacing thoughtless inaction with thoughtless action wont solve the probl

9、em. 1 What does the author say about peoples reaction to bullying? （ A） They wake up thoughtfully. （ B） They demonstrate little common sense. （ C） They attach importance to the film. （ D） They go too far. 2 What is the strategy of the kids in dealing with anti-bullying policies? （ A） To assault the

10、principal at the meeting. （ B） To turn the classroom into a wall of mirrors. （ C） To pay attention to kids verbal remarks. （ D） To render them ineffective by abusing bullying. 3 The “zero-tolerance“ policies towards drugs and weapons ended up being_. （ A） elevated （ B） suspended （ C） ridiculed （ D）

11、condemned 4 The word “there“ in the first line of the last paragraph refers to_. （ A） with eye-rolling and punishable offenses （ B） with verbal and physical assaut （ C） with aspirin and acne medicine （ D） with drugs and weapons 4 Our stomachs can often be a mystery to us and many of us dont realize

12、just how much the food we eat can impact on our mood and mental well-being. According to charity Allergy UK, a shocking 45% of us suffers with food and drink intolerances, beverage this is called food intolerance. Food intolerance is a much more common problem than food allergy and one of the most h

13、armful symptoms can be low mood. 1 in 4 people in the UK will suffer problems with their mood or mental health every year, with anti-depressant prescriptions increasing by over 40% in the last 5 years. Recent research from York Test Laboratories, leading experts in food intolerance testing, has foun

14、d that 97% of their customers reported problems relating to mood as a significant symptom of their food intolerance, of which 73% felt that their mood had significantly improved after altering their diets to remove foods to which they reacted. In addition, in a recent paper published in the Journal

15、of Nutrition and Food Sciences, over 81% Of patients reported a significant improvement in mood and mental well-being as a direct consequence of applying the dietary changes recommended by York Test. So how is it that the food we eat can have such a significant impact on our mood? Bidirectional conn

16、ections between the gut and the brain are complex and are regulated in the body in three different ways: through nerves, hormones and the immune system. The gut mediates the bodys immune response; at least 70 per cent of our immune system is situated in the gut and is used to expel and kill foreign

17、invaders. Our gut contains some 100 million neurons(nerve cells), more than in either the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system. All of these neurons lining our digestive system do much more than merely handle digestion or cause occasional nerve us feelings. Our gut partly determines our ment

18、al state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. Many people will not be aware that 90% of serotonin(血清素 ), the brains “happy hormone“ is produced in the gut it is for these reasons that the gut is often referred to as thesecond brain. In addition, research has shown that depres

19、sion is frequently associated with gastrointestinal(肠胃的 )inflammation a common symptom of food intolerance. By tackling unidentified food intolerances, not only will physical symptoms benefit, but mental health symptoms can often show significant improvement. There are a number of ways to identify p

20、otentially mood suppressing food intolerances. One that I recommend is scientifically validated and well researched is York Test. Its food and drink intolerance test called Food and campaigners attempts to persuade courts and councils to keep them open are largely failing. Closing libraries is inevi

21、table, the argument goes, in an era when two out of three British homes have a computer. But that is far from the whole story. While 200 million books are sold every year, more than 310 million are borrowed. The one-in-three homes without a computer are those of the nations poorer children, many of

22、whom live without even a table at which they can do their homework. It is with only the mildest exaggeration that Alan Bennett, the playwright and campaigner, describes the closure of libraries as an act of “child abuse“. To some, the word “library“ conjures only negative associations, an irrelevant

23、 anachronism in an increasingly digital world. But a good library is far more than just a place to store books. It is a gateway to knowledge, a place well able to adapt to the computer age and in doing so support the curiosity, study and research of new generations. There are, of course, some librar

24、ies that are unfit for purpose. But those that use digital technologies as an aide, rather than treat therr. as a threat, more than hold true to their core purpose. And those that have made the leap are seeing visitor numbers rise, not fall. Britains libraries do not need closing but they may need c

25、hanging. We can only hope that Mr. Coates support can help many of them to do so. 9 The argument about the closing of libraries stems from （ A） the fall of sale of books （ B） the advent of digital technologies （ C） the government budget cut （ D） the world economic recession 10 The word “anachronism“

26、 in Para. 5 might mean （ A） chronological error （ B） phonological error （ C） etymological error （ D） historical error 11 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? （ A） Some people believe that libraries are out of date in digital age. （ B） In the UK, one out of three ho

27、mes dont have computers. （ C） It is inevitable that digital libraries will replace the existing libraries. （ D） Some libraries need introducing digital technologies as an aid. 12 The authors attitude toward closing libraries can be described as （ A） positive （ B） negative （ C） indifferent （ D） neutr

28、al 12 Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that “genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than weve been going. “ Yessis believes that U. S.

29、runners, despite their impressive achievements, are “running on their genetics“. By applying more scientific methods, “theyre going to go much faster“. These methods include strength training as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. Whereas most exercises are designe

30、d to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. “Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, “ Yessis insists

31、. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries. Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. “If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have

32、in this country, “ Yessis asserts, “they would be breaking records left and right. “ One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes his performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb

33、 in three dimensions. By applying Newtons laws to these motions, “we can say that this athletes run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off, “ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a smal

34、l difference to athletic performance. Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received hig

35、h-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through th

36、eir own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human bo

37、dy. “Once you study athletics, you learn that its a vexing complex issue, “ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. “Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases i

38、s fundamental. Weve got a long way to go, “ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken. 13 What is the contribution of plyometrics? （ A） Speeding up the rate of athletes metabolism. （ B） Making clear specifications of physical exercises. （ C） Perfecting the technique pioneered in

39、breaking records （ D） Helping runners develop strength and endurance. 14 The purpose of employing biomechanics films is to _. （ A） provide materials for sports film shooting （ B） highlight areas for improvement in athletes （ C） assess the fitness levels of potential athletes （ D） skim off promising

40、athletes through analysis 15 As regards the study of athletics, John S. Raglin believes that it is_. （ A） fundamental （ B） challenging （ C） complicated （ D） theoretical 16 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? （ A） Invention of the Fosbury Flop. （ B） Exploration of Athletic

41、 Performance. （ C） Effect of nutrition and training. （ D） Importance of genetics. 16 When the press release arrived in our inboxes, we knew what would happen next. A Nobel laureate had stated that antioxidant supplements “may have caused more cancers than they have prevented. “ Even the most fad-fri

42、endly sections of the UK media were bound to cover the story. In reality, Professor James Watson was only restating what we at Cancer Research UK have been pointing out for years. Large studies have repeatedly shown that, with the possible exception of vitamin D, antioxidant supplements have negligi

43、ble positive effect on healthy people, at least in terms of important things such as preventing people getting cancer or dying prematurely. And some supplements notably vitamins A, E and beta-carotene even seem to slightly raise the risk of disease and early death. Its a topic we at Cancer Research

44、UK come back to again and again on our science blog and on our social media pages. But huge swatches of the public remain convinced that “antioxidant“ is a byword for “healthy. “ Whats so interesting about the antioxidant myth is its wider cultural and social dimension. Why is this perception so har

45、d to shift? And is there anything we can do about it? One possible reason for our firm attitudes is the widespread use of the word “antioxidants“ in adverts proclaiming the health benefits of various foods and drinks. This isnt for want of regulation, and the Advertising Standards Authority have rep

46、eatedly upheld complaints about adverts that make unsupported claims about antioxidantsbenefits. But the much weaker claim that a product merely “ contains high levels of antioxidants“ leaves health claims implicit, and keeps regulators at bay. A brand of “super-broccoli“ launched with much a public

47、 spectacle in late 2011 was bred to contain high levels of a chemical that ultimately, according to the products website, “boosts our bodys Antioxidant Enzyme levels. “ So good its capitalized. So the relentless drip-drip of health product advertising particularly against a background of continual r

48、eports of Britains ill-health makes our trenchant hold on the antioxidants myth all the more understandable. We need this stuff, were told. But theres probably a deeper reason for our collective refusal to swallow the bitter pill of scientific evidence. The actual, proven things that can reduce our

49、risks of cancer, heart disease, diabetes and all the other chronic nasties that come with an ageing population are somewhat more uninteresting. Dont smoke. Stay in shape. Eat a balanced diet. Limit alcohol intake. Keep active. This is hard work. And as the resolution-filled new year kicks in, the exciting prospect of a healthier life is replaced by the realization that being healthy is a long-term project. Popping a pill instead of going to the gym is a tempting prospect for many of us. Confirmatory bias is a powerf