ASTM C140-2009 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.pdf

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1、Designation: C 140 09Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry units

3、 and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedur

4、es are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C 129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick (Specifications C55,C73, C 1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C 1372)Annex A4Concrete int

5、erlocking paving units (Specification C 936/C 936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C 1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C 1491)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but sp

6、ecific testing and reporting requirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keyword

7、s 11SectionAnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units AnnexA1Concrete and Calcium Sili-cate BrickAnnexA2Segmental Retaining WallUnitsAnnexA3Concrete Interlocking Pav-ing UnitsAnnexA4Concrete Grid Paving Units AnnexA5Concrete Roof Pavers AnnexA6Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements for Compres-si

8、on TestingAnnexA7Worksheet and Test Reportfor Concrete Masonry UnitsAppen-dix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C 1093.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except in Annex A4, where eith

9、er SI units orinch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues given in parentheses throughout are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, i

10、f any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC

11、73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-LimeBrick)1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Pu

12、blished September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C 140 08a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard

13、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 129 Specification f

14、or Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 936/C 936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlock-ing Paving UnitsC 1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1319 Specification for Concrete

15、 Grid Paving UnitsC 1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall UnitsC 1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC 1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC 1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickE4 Practices for Fo

16、rce Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C 1232 and E6shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsfor application to a b

17、road range of concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose products not addressed with the annex of this stand

18、ard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units areincluded in the body of these test methods and t

19、hose applicableto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specimens shall be of similar configuration anddimensions.

20、Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.1.2 The term “lot” refers to any number of concretemasonry units of any configuration or dimension manufacturedby the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design,manufacturing process, and curing met

21、hod.5.2 Number of SpecimensUnless specified otherwise inthe applicable annex, for the compressive strength, absorption,unit weight (density), and moisture content determinations, sixunits shall be selected from each lot of 10 000 units or fractionthereof and 12 units from each lot of more than 10 00

22、0 and lessthan 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, sixunits shall be selected from each 50 000 units or fractionthereof contained in the lot. Additional specimens shall betaken if directed by the purchaser.5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (includingthe cores) prior to det

23、ermining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeloose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen

24、immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as Wr(receivedweight). Record time and place Wrwas measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes. The weight of a concrete maso

25、nry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in timeand the frame of reference when that weight was determined. “T

26、ime andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to date andtime references, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, orbefore units were

27、 shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 ApparatusUnless otherwise specified in the appli-cable annex, use the following equipment for measurement ofdimensions:6.1.1 Steel Scaleshall have divisions not greater than110in. (2.5 mm).6.1.2 Calipersshall h

28、ave divisions not greater than1100 in.(0.25 mm).6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalld

29、imensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations onopposite sides of the specimen. Document location of eachmeasurement on a sketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 Th

30、e testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere shall lie at the center of the surface held in its sphericalse

31、at but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least14 in. (6.3 mm) clearance from the head toaccommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accor-dance with Annex A7) shall be at least 6 in. (150 mm). Ah

32、ardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.C1400927.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, asingle steel plate with a thickness equal to at least the dist

33、ancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be atleast14 in. (6 mm) greater than the length and width of theunits.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended

34、for contactwith the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)in any 6 in. (150 mm) dimension.NOTE 6Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has asignificant effect

35、 on the tested compressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that caninfluence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitudeof this effect is contro

36、lled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and withreduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen. Some testinglaboratories have limitations that lim

37、it the practicality of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areintended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression testresults so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testinglaboratory.NOTE 7Annex A7 includes guidance on

38、determining the requiredplate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the testmachine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordancewith Practices E4at a frequency defined by Practice C 1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,

39、test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in theapplicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When theunits cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configurationor testing machine requirements, reduce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex

40、A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. (13mm) on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 615F (24 6 8C) and a relative humidity of less than 80 % fornot less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression result

41、s arerequired sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fanpassing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continuepassing air over the specimens until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not gre

42、ater than0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen anduntil no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of theunit. Specimens shall not be subjected to oven-drying.NOTE 8In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.4) is determined from specimens other th

43、an those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular surfaces, should be div

44、ided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isrepresentative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the standard or applicable a

45、nnex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper hardness. If the specimen is wetted duringsawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with labora-tory air conditions before testing,

46、using the procedures outlinedin 7.2.3.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testspecimens can not be determined by 9.4.1, saw-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree compression test speci

47、mens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated asrequired in 9.4. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimensshall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.7.3 CappingCap test specimens in

48、accordance with Prac-tice C 1552.7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:7.4.1 Position of SpecimensTest specimens with the cen-troid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the centerof thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of thetesting machine (Note 9). Except for special units

49、 intended foruse with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all hollowconcrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special hollowunits intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontaldirection in the same direction as in service. Prior to testingeach unit, ensure that the upper platen moves freely within itsspherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.NOTE 9For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,the location of that axis can be determined geometr